Effects of Waterlogging Followed by a Salinity Peak on Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Due mainly to alterations in plant metabolism, lack of oxygen and excess salts are disturbances that affect crop yields. In different parts of the world crops are subjected t o those disttirbances, simultaneously or successively. Our objective was to determine the effects of a winter waterlogging followed by a spring salt peak on rapeseed yield, A pot experiment, combining waterlogging and salinization was carried out. The waterlogging duration was: 0 (control), 3, 7 and 14 days and the sahnity treatments were peaks of Electrical Conductivity of 5 and 8 dSm⁻¹ and the control. The yield started decreasingfrotn 3 days during waterlogging, mainly due to the lower number of seeds per plant. The salt peak from 5 dSm⁻¹ affected the yield only in plants which had suffered a waterlogging lower than 7 days, showing interaction between salinity and waterlogging, Only salinity reduced oil content. The saline peak affected the K, Ca and Na concentration in plant tissues, but the effect of salinity on rapeseed could be more related to soil water potential than specific ion toxicities or imbalance.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to abiotic stresses in cool-season food legumes

Summary The adaptability and productivity of cool-season food legumes (chickpea, faba bean, lentil, pea) are limited by major abiotic stresses including drought, heat, frost, chilling, waterlogging, salinity and mineral toxicities. The severity of these stresses is unpredictable in field experiments, so field trials are increasingly supplemented with controlled-environment testing and physiological screening. For drought testing, irrigation is used in dry fields and rain-out shelters in damp ones. Carbon isotope discrimination (Δ¹³C) is a well-established screen for drought tolerance in C3 cereal crops which is now being validated for use in grain legumes, but it is relatively expensive per sample and more economical methods include stomatal conductance and canopy temperature. Chickpea lines ICC4958 and FLIP87-59C and faba bean line ILB938 have demonstrated good drought tolerance parameters in different experiments. For frost tolerance, an efficient controlled-environment procedure involves exposing hardened pot-grown plants to sub-zero temperatures. Faba beans Cote d’Or and BPL4628 as well as lentil ILL5865 have demonstrated good freezing tolerance in such tests. Chilling-tolerance tests are more commonly conducted in the field and lentil line ILL1878 as well as derivatives of interspecific crosses between chickpea and its wild relatives have repeatedly shown good results. The timing of chilling is particularly important as temperatures which are not lethal to the plant can greatly disrupt fertilization of flowers. Salinity response can be determined using hydroponic methods with a sand or gravel substrate and rapid, efficient scoring is based on leaf symptoms. Many lines of chickpea, faba bean and lentil have shown good salinity tolerance in a single article but none has become a benchmark. Waterlogging tolerance can be evaluated using paired hydroponic systems, one oxygenated and the other de-oxygenated. The development of lysigenous cavities or aerenchyma in roots, common in warm-season legumes, is reported in pea and lentil but is not well established in chickpea or faba bean. Many stresses are associated with oxidative damage leading to changes in chlorophyll fluorescence, membrane stability and peroxidase levels. An additional factor relevant to the legumes is the response of the symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria to the stress.     

棉花对淹水胁迫的适应机制

淹涝是造成棉花减产的重要灾害因素。在淹水胁迫下,棉花的生长发育会受到不利影响,中、重度持续淹水还会引起棉花减产甚至绝产。但是,棉株自身具有完整的适应保护机制,遭受淹水胁迫后通过启动逃避机制、静止适应机制和再生调节补偿机制,适应淹水胁迫、减少涝害损失。本文重点就棉花对淹水胁迫的3个适应机制进行了详细论述,就淹水胁迫对棉花生长发育、生理特性和产量性状的影响以及缓解棉花淹水伤害的主要措施与方法也作了简要评述。     

涝害和高温下棉花苗期的生长生理代谢特征

雨涝和高温是长江中下游地区限制棉花生长的2种主要气象灾害,且夏季伴随发生概率大,目前尚不清楚高温胁迫下棉花苗期对涝害的响应特征。2013年利用桶栽试验,在棉花苗期设置不同涝害(受涝0、3、6、9 d)和高温(高温0、3 d)水平,分析棉株关键形态生长特征、倒4叶叶绿素荧光特性及膜脂保护性酶活性。结果表明,受涝天数不超过3 d进行连续高温处理对棉花形态生长特征无显著影响;受涝时间3 d遭遇高温胁迫,进一步限制了棉花株高和叶面积生长,干物质量减少,根/冠比降低,且这些参数在高温胁迫下低于不受涝处理的时间普遍比自然温度条件下提早3 d。受涝过程伴随高温加剧降低了根系活力,进一步减少了叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及PS II最大光化学量子产量和潜在光化学转换效率,而对叶绿素a/叶绿素b影响普遍不明显。在自然温度条件下,叶片和根系超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性随受涝天数的延长而降低,丙二醛含量则变化相反。涝害和高温复合胁迫下,叶片超氧物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性先升高后降低,在受涝3 d最高,受涝9 d最低;叶片和根系丙二醛含量急剧增加,表明受涝过程中遭遇高温天气加剧了棉株细胞膜的受损程度。从对棉花生长的影响程度来看,涝害居首位,高温胁迫次之,且二者交互作用在叶绿素、PS II潜在光化学转换效率及叶片超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和丙二醛上表现显著。研究可为长江中下游平原湖区棉苗抗逆栽培及棉田排水管理提供科学参考。     

海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐影响因素通径分析

采用通径分析方法研究海河低平原盐渍涝洼区表层土壤积盐因素的主次关系结果表明 ,地下水埋深2～ 3m、表层土壤全盐量≤ 5 0g/kg、地表高差≤ 6 6cm地段 ,表层土壤盐渍度主要受心土层盐分状况和微地形因素支配 ,而 6个间接作用中亚表土层全盐量通过心土层全盐量对表层土壤盐分累积的作用最大。     

Grain yield increases in wheat and barley to nitrogen applied after transient waterlogging in the high rainfall cropping zone of western Australia

Nitrogen (N) is a major factor limiting grain production in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, 450–700 mm annual average rainfall of southwestern Australia (SWA). Transient waterlogging and leaching of applied N fertilizer are hazards faced in most years by crop producers. The major crops are wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola (Brassica napus L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifiolius L.) grown in rotation. Two series of experiments involving, levels and timing of N fertilizer application and levels of plant population were done. The first series, in 2003–2004, consisted of 3 experiments in 3 growing seasons (early May to late-October) to measure the grain yield (GY) increase (response) of wheat and barley to various methods of N fertilizer application (methods of split N application were compared to N applied at sowing). The aim of the experiments was to determine the optimal N fertilizer application strategy for maximum GY and quality in situations where transient waterlogging was a frequent occurrence. The second series of four experiments, from 2007–2009, measured the GY of wheat sown at three levels of plant population to 4 levels of N applied after transient waterlogging (taken to be rainfall events in which >25 mm of rain was recorded in 24 to 48 hours).

Applying the N fertilizer after high rainfall and transient waterlogging (tactical N application) increased GY and protein percentage of grain compared to applying all of the N fertilizer at sowing. Where transient waterlogging was not frequent, applying the N after waterlogging was not always better than applying part of the N according to growth stage of the crop or according to fixed times after sowing. When the crop was water-logged three or more times, N uptake by the crop at anthesis and apparent fertilizer N recovery in the crop was substantially increased by applying the N after waterlogging compared to applying the entire N at sowing. This study found that a tactical N management strategy for the HRZ of SWA is to apply some N at sowing with subsequent applications made after heavy rainfall that leads to transient waterlogging. Split N fertilizer applied either according to time after sowing or to growth stage of the crop was equally effective for increasing GY in situations where waterlogging was less frequent.

The observation from these experiments, that grain yield increases due to splitting the N dose were associated with increases in ear numbers, lead to a further set of experiments where plant population was increased in conjunction with N applied after waterlogging events. The combined strategy of increased plant population with strategic N application decreased the amount of N required for maximum GY where more than 3 heavy rainfall events occurred in a growing season.

One practical outcome of this research is to indicate that farmers can withhold applications of N fertilizer after sowing in seasons when transient waterlogging does not occur.     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

植物淹水胁迫响应的研究进展

在概述植物对淹水胁迫各种适应方式的基础上,重点从质外体障碍的形成和根系的向氧性生长,发酵途径、厌氧多肽、植物激素及低氧锻炼等方面,对近年来植物抗淹水胁迫适应性的研究进展作了简要评述.     

渍涝对芝麻幼苗叶片中有机物质含量及水分状态的影响

对渍涝条件下不同基因型芝麻叶片中有机物质及水分状态变化进行了研究,结果表明,在人工模拟淹水条件下,不同基因型芝麻叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖及游离氨基酸含量淹水初期均上升后下降,芝麻幼苗叶片中组织含水量、自由水含量及自由水与束缚水比值随淹水时间延长明显下降,而束缚水含量升高到8 d时开始下降.抗涝品种河南1号叶片中3种有机物质及束缚水含量都明显高于不抗涝品种冀芝1号,而组织含水量及自由水含量较冀芝1号下降缓慢.     

二十八种香味花卉耐涝试验

采用人工模拟淹水逆境的方式对28种香味花卉进行处理,研究其对淹水环境的适应能力。结果表明:香兰草、万寿菊、薄荷类、部分迷迭香等具有良好的耐水渍性能。