水肥(氮)对小麦生理生态的影响 (Ⅱ )水肥 (氮 )对小麦叶片细胞间隙CO_2 浓度和气孔导度的影响

小麦叶片细胞间隙CO2浓度Cint全天最高值出现在早上,其日变化曲线呈"　　"型。Cint日变化在9:00后,大致呈现随施氮量增加而下降的趋势。在午前,低水处理Cint日变化较高水处理要高,午后则下降到较低的位置。各处理Cint时段变化随施氮量增加而下降,土壤水胁迫处理Cint各时期最低。小麦叶片气孔导度(Gs)在中午达到峰值,其日变化呈现"W"字型。4月20日Gs最高。Gs日变化随施氮量的增加而下降;低水叶片Gs在上午相对较高,下午则相反。Gs时段变化,低氮处理相对较高,高水与胁迫处理Gs较其它处理显著降低。     

连栽对杉木人工林碳贮量的影响研究

选择不同栽植代数(1、23、代)、不同发育阶段(幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林)的杉木人工林进行不同栽植代数杉木林含C率、C贮量和年净固C量比较研究结果表明,不同栽植代数杉木林的含C率在45%~55%之间,不同代数间差异不明显,同一栽植代数相同发育阶段杉木林乔木层各器官含C率表现为皮>叶>干>根>枝。随栽植代数增加,杉木林C贮量和年净固C量明显降低,但不同发育阶段杉木林代数间差异程度不同,中龄林代数间差异最明显,与1代中龄林相比,2、3代杉木林C贮量分别下降16.98%和63.60%,年净固C量分别下降14.01%和25.14%。     

数学模型模拟方法分析土壤水分变化过程

利用数学模型模拟的方法分析土壤水运移过程 ,用以评价土壤 -作物 -大气循环系统的交互作用和作物需水、耗水规律。本项研究以松嫩平原典型黑土区海伦站为试验基地 ,以 1995、1997和 1999(平水年、丰水年和枯水年 )三个典型年份为样本 ,建立了土壤属性数据库、作物生长参数数据库和气象数据库。模拟了土壤水分的变化过程 ,取得了较好的结果。     

不同水氮措施对芹菜-白菜轮作体系中氮素利用与土壤NO_3~--N残留的影响

在宁夏引黄灌区灌淤土设置田间试验,研究不同水氮措施对芹菜-白菜轮作体系中的氮素利用与平衡的影响,结果表明:节水灌溉的W2N3(推荐施氮)处理与传统灌溉(W1N3)(推荐施氮)的处理相比,芹菜的产量、吸氮量分别高12.2%、14.7%,白菜的产量、吸氮量分别高22.4%、4.4%。在氮素平衡方面,推荐施氮处理氮素损失比传统施氮损失分别低53kghm-2(传统灌溉)、30kghm-2(节水灌溉)。节水条件下推荐施氮处理的土壤剖面上的无机氮残留浓度,减少量分别达到3～13kghm-2。节水灌溉下与传统灌溉相比,节水灌溉的土壤残留硝态氮的含量均比传统灌溉低,而且主要分布在0～60cm表层,推荐施氮量的土壤残留硝态氮的含量又比习惯施氮量低。     

Effects of Ammonium Nitrate and Monosodium Glutamate in Waste Water on the Growth,Antioxidant Activity,and Nitrogen Assimilation of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

It has been hypothesized that the uptake of organic as opposed to inorganic nitrogen compounds found in wastewater can be properly substituted for plant nutrients. The objective of this study was to compare effects of applying monosodium glutamate wastewater (MGW) and ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) (AN) on nitrogen metabolism and growth of lettuce. The results showed that while NH₄NO₃ (AN), NO₃^-, nitrite content and NR activity increased the protein content of lettuce. Applying MGW with a high concentration of 17 amino acids and macro- and microelements improved the fresh weights of shoot and root as well as the protein content of lettuce. Antioxidant activities were not affected by AN and MGW, and their interaction effects only increased POD after 8 weeks. In conclusion, substituting a portion of the chemical fertilizers with MGW improved lettuce growth, but did not increase NO₃^- accumulation in leaves.     

黄土半干旱区不同土壤水分条件下刺槐蒸腾速率的研究

2004年夏在山西方山北京林业大学试验基地,采用L I-1600稳态气孔仪,对不同土壤水分条件下盆栽刺槐的生理指标进行了观测。比较分析了不同水势梯度下、不同时间段刺槐蒸腾耗水速率的变化规律,结果表明:刺槐的蒸腾速率tη(μg/(s.cm2))与生理辐射强度I(μm ol/(s.m2))成幂函数关系;蒸腾速率tη(μg/s.cm2))、气孔阻力Rs/(s.cm2)和土壤体积含水量(W%)之间存在着密切的关系;蒸腾速率一般随光强的增强和土壤水分的提高而增大,刺槐蒸腾速率与土壤水分含量的相关系数平均可达0.882 5。通过研究不同土壤水分条件下刺槐蒸腾速率的差异,提出了刺槐水分利用效率的合理供水范围在10%~15%之间,为干旱半干旱地区提高林木的水分利用效率提供了理论依据。     

Bulk density by Proctor test as a function of texture for agricultural soils in Maputo province of Mozambique

Soil degradation processes may be of various kinds, including soil compaction. The present study was carried out with the objective of assessing the sensitivity of agricultural or recently abandoned soils in Maputo province of Mozambique to compaction. The assessment is based on the maximum of bulk density attained using the Proctor test (MBD).

In this study the soil texture is expressed by silt plus clay (S + C) or clay (C). The relations between the soil texture and MBD, and between soil texture and critical water content (CWC—soil water at which MBD is attained) were determined. Selected soils range from 10 to 74% of S + C and 9 to 60% of C.

The results suggest there is a relationship between the considered parameters, being that between S + C and MBD or CWC, the best. For MBD the relationship is represented by two quadratic equations with the boundary in between these being a S + C value of 25% and C value of 20%.

Based on the obtained results, one can conclude that the selected parameters may be a useful basis for estimation of the sensitivity to compaction of the Maputo province's soils. It is recommended that similar studies be carried out for soils under forest land and for soil of other provinces to establish the national physical degradation hazard as a function of soil parameters determined routinely and at low cost. The suggested parameters are texture and soil organic matter (SOM).     

Litter decomposition and faunal activity in Mediterranean forest soils: effects of N content and the moss layer

Accumulation of soil carbon is mainly controlled by the balance between litter production and litter decomposition. Usually In Mediterranean forests there are contrasting conditions in the distribution of faunal activity and the moss layer that may have different effects on litter decomposition. Decomposition and faunal activity were studied by exposing litter of contrasting quality (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Quercus ilex L.) for 3.5 yr in three Mediterranean pine forests of the eastern Iberian Peninsula. The effects of mosses on decomposition and on faunal activity were studied by exposing P. halepensis litter either on moss patches or directly on the forest floor. Faecal pellet production was used as an indication of faunal activity. Water availability or soil characteristics seem to limit faunal activities in the drier sites. Faecal pellets were not found during the first stages of decomposition and in all sites they appeared when about a 30% of the initial litter had decomposed. Under wet conditions faecal pellet production was very high and a mass balance suggested that soil faunal activity may result in a net flow of organic matter from the lower organic horizons to the surface Oi horizon. Mosses slightly increased mass loss of pine litter probably as a consequence of high potentially mineralizable nitrogen in the Oa horizon of moss patches and also, perhaps, as a consequence of the higher moisture content measured in the Oi horizon needles sampled among the mosses. In contrast, moss patches reduced faunal activity. The effect of litter quality on mass loss was not always significant, suggesting an interaction between litter quality and site conditions. During the first stages of decomposition there was N immobilisation in P. halepensis litter (poorer in N) and N release from Q. ilex litter (richer in N). In conclusion, in these forests soil microclimate and/or N availability appear to be more important controlling litter decomposition than the distribution of faunal activity.     

砂姜黑土长期定位施肥对小麦生长及土壤养分含量的影响

砂姜黑土10年定位试验结果表明:施肥是砂姜黑土小麦增产的关键,N肥增产贡献率为69.4%,P肥增产贡献率为23.3%,K肥为7.3%。P、K肥的肥效随时间的推移逐渐提高。凡施肥处理土壤有机质含量都有所提高,施P处理土壤速效P含量提高幅度较大,每年每公顷施135kg K2O尚不能满足一年两季作物的高产需求,应适当提高K肥用量。     

高直链淀粉含量早籼组合优I315的选育与应用

优I315是用高异交率优质不育系优IA为母本，与自选恢复系测315配组而成的杂交水稻早籼组合。该组合具有产量高、直链淀粉含量高（26．8%）、制种产量高等特点，可作为米粉加工型专用稻利用。该组合于2003年2月通过广西壮族自治区农作物品种审定委员会审定。文章介绍了其选育经过、特征特性及其应用技术。