荷兰Groasis保水节水造林技术在民勤荒漠区的应用

[目的]研究荷兰Groasis(水盒子)在民勤荒漠区保水节水造林的初步应用,为荒漠区困难立地条件下进行大规模的节水造林和农业推广提供参考数据。[方法]选择了11种荒漠植物造林树种,在民勤沙区的退耕地、丘间地、引种圃3种类型的田间进行试验,测定成活率、土壤水分等。[结果](1)11种抗风沙树种在退耕地的土壤含水率的高低顺序为:沙拐枣花棒毛条柽柳沙地云杉樟子松胡杨蒙古扁桃沙棘榆树沙枣。(2)各种抗风沙树种在典型的3种土壤类型中,利用水盒子栽培的土壤含水率明显高于普通栽培的土壤,要高出2~5倍。(3)不同抗风沙树种和蔬菜利用水盒子在3种典型土壤类型中成活率比对照不同程度提高25%~70%左右。[结论]利用水盒子可以有效地提高抗风沙树种的成活率。     

不同氮磷钾肥用量对五指毛桃叶绿素含量的影响

为探讨在"3414"肥料试验中叶绿素仪测定叶绿素的精确度,以及不同施肥处理对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值与叶绿素含量的影响,采用SPAD叶绿素仪和酒精-丙酮浸提法对五指毛桃不同叶片的SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量进行测定。结果表明,不同施肥处理对五指毛桃3片叶片的SPAD值,倒1叶的叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,倒2叶的叶绿素a以及倒3叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量的影响不显著;对倒2叶的叶绿素b、总叶绿素含量,倒3叶的叶绿素a影响显著。氮、磷、钾肥对五指毛桃叶片SPAD值和叶绿素含量效应依次为N肥P肥K肥。SPAD值、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量从倒1叶至倒3叶呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但增加的幅度因施肥处理不同而不同。倒1叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量呈负相关;倒2叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈极显著正相关;倒3叶的SPAD值与叶绿素a呈负相关,而与叶绿素b及叶绿素总量均呈显著正相关,表明在"3414"肥料试验中倒2叶的SPAD值更能准确地预测其叶绿素的绝对含量。该研究为叶绿素仪在五指毛桃生理实验中正确应用提供了科学依据,也为五指毛桃在成龄胶园间作实践提供了理论指导。     

水培条件下CO2与NH+4/NO-3配比对番茄幼苗生育的影响

升高CO₂浓度能够促进作物的光合作用，提高作物的生物量和产量，但关于CO₂与NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比及其交互作用对作物影响的研究较少，为探索番茄幼苗生长发育对CO₂浓度升高的响应是否对NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比有较强的依赖关系，本试验在营养液栽培条件下，以番茄(Lycopersicun esculentum Mill)为试材，研究正常大气CO₂浓度(360 μL/L)和倍增CO₂浓度(720 μL/L)与不同NH⁺₄/NO^-₃配比的交互作用对番茄幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：CO₂浓度升高提高了低NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例处理中番茄叶片的光合速率和水分利用率，提高幅度随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而增强，光合速率增强最大达55%。在同一CO₂浓度处理下净光合速率与水分利用率均随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的增加而显著降低。这说明CO₂浓度升高对番茄幼苗生长发育的促进作用随NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例的降低而提高，但并没有减弱全NH⁺₄-N处理中番茄幼苗的受毒害作用。综上所述，CO₂浓度升高能提高植物生产的节水能力和水分生产力；水培条件下，NO^-₃-N是最适合番茄幼苗生长发育的氮源，其它NH⁺₄/NO^-₃比例对番茄幼苗的生长发育有一定的抑制作用，仅以NH⁺₄-N作氮源则番茄幼苗很难生长。     

坡面泥石流起动模型研究

针对单一坡面泥石流起动模型进行研究。基于土壤动力学理论、土壤下渗理论和土壤水动力学理论,以及土体含水率变化引起土体抗剪切应力变化的物理机理,提出了坡面泥石流起动模式。在此基础上,结合传统分布式水文模型理论,建立了分布式坡面泥石流起动模型。模型应用于云南蒋家沟典型坡面泥石流研究,能够预测坡面泥石流起动的时间、部位和起动量,进行多时段模拟坡面泥石流入沟流量过程线,模拟结果体现了泥石流发生阵发性、不连续性、滞后性的特征,这与实际观测情况吻合,表明应用该模型研究坡面泥石流的起动是可行的,能够为进一步的泥石流数值模拟提供依据。     

Identification of intra-accession genetic diversity in selfing crops using AFLP markers: implications for collection management

Germplasm conserved as seeds in genebanks requires regular regeneration. In this process, selection and genetic drift may cause loss of genetic diversity from accessions. In the case of selfing crops, separation of distinct lines into different accessions may be an efficient strategy to avoid these negative effects. In order to evaluate the applicability of this method for collection management, knowledge about the level of intra-accession genetic diversity is required. By means of AFLP analysis intra-accession variation was investigated in two cultivars, two landraces and two wild populations of ex situ conserved barley germplasm. In the total sample of 216 individuals analysed (36 per accession), 22 genotypes were observed based on 104 polymorphic loci. The number of genotypes detected ranged from 1 to 3 per accession, except for a Nepalese landrace that revealed 12 genotypes. An UPGMA cluster analysis grouped the genotypes unambiguously into the accession they belonged to and genotypes within accessions were generally found to be closely related. In order to determine the repeatability of the results obtained, 11 individuals belonging to 4 genotypes from the Nepalese landrace were scored for a second set of AFLP markers. Matrices of genetic distances calculated for the two AFLP datasets were found to be highly correlated (r = 0.9346, P < 0.001). Separation of genotypes into different accessions was considered a relevant option only for the Nepalese landrace. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that this accession could be well divided into 8 distinct lines. Further implications of the results for genebank practices are discussed.     

The status of atmospheric concentrations of ammonia in an intensive dairy farming area in central Japan

(pp. 41–46)
Silicon availability in 36 commercial nursery bed soils was evaluated by four methods the phosphate buffer (pH 6.2, 40 mmol L⁻¹), incubation, supernatant and acetate buffer (pH 4.0, 1 mol L⁻¹) Methods. The influence of silicon availability in the nursery bed soils on the silicon uptake of rice Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore seedlings and the effect of silicon fertilizer application were examined in a glass house in 2002.
The results revealed that the best correlation between silicon content in rice seedlings and available silicon in soils was obtained with the phosphate buffer-solution method ( r  = 0.86). More precise evaluation of available silicon was achieved by grouping soils based on these phosphate absorption coefficients (PAC). The correlation coefficients between silicon content in rice seedlings and available silicon in soils were 0.92 and 0.72 for volcanic soils (PAC > 1500) and non volcanic soils (PAC < 1500), respectively.
We concluded that the phosphate buffer method is the most easily adjusted method for estimation of silicon availability in nursery bed soils, and silicon fertilizers should be applied when silicon availability in non-volcanic nursery bed soils goes below 200 mg kg⁻¹, whereas the level is less than 350 mg kg⁻¹ in volcanic soils.     

不同形态氮素比例对不同小白菜品种生物量和硝酸盐含量的影响

利用NO-3 N∶NH 4 N为 10 0∶0、5 0∶5 0和 0∶10 0三个硝铵配比的营养液对 12个不结球小白菜品种进行水培试验。结果表明 :不同的硝铵配比对不同品种小白菜的生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、硝酸盐积累量等有着显著的影响 ,同一氮源培养下不同的小白菜品种间也表现出显著的差异 ;12个小白菜品种叶绿素SPAD值随营养液中的NH 4 N比例的增加而升高 ,两者间存在着显著的正相关 ;单株生物量除亮白叶 1号和五月慢在全硝培养中生物量较其他两种配比大外 ,其他 10个品种均在 5 0∶5 0硝铵营养液中表现最好 ;供试的 12个小白菜品种中有 9个品种的硝酸盐积累量随着NH 4 N比例的增加而下降 ,表明适当地配施铵态氮较纯硝营养液能获得更好的产量、更高的叶绿素SPAD值和较低的硝酸盐积累量。     

Temporal and spatial variability of total ozone content over Central Europe: analysis in respect to the biological effect on plants

The temporal and spatial variability of the total ozone content (TOC) is examined in respect to the biologically effective ultraviolet radiation on plants. TOC data from 1996 to 2000 over the domain of Central Europe were used. Variability is analysed using correlation and auto-correlation coefficients.The temporal auto-correlation analyses has shown that the only periodicity which could be found was a period of 1 year. The comparison between spatial correlation and the temporal auto-correlation delivers an equivalent value of zero for a distance between 400 and 500 km and at a time lag of 5 days. The influence of temporal and spatial variability of TOC on the biologically effective ultraviolet radiation was quantified by model calculations using action spectra of the DNA-damage and the generalised plant damage (GPD). These were undertaken for a certain location using TOC with various temporal delays or made at other locations with certain distances. The results show that the relative sensitiveness to spatial lags in TOC differs by a factor of three during the year with minimum in August and maximum around December. For temporal lags the sensitiveness changes by a factor of six between August and December.     

In-field calibration of a dielectric soil moisture meter designed for use in an access tube

Abstract. The in-field calibration of a dielectric probe to measure soil water content is described. The probe uses an access tube analogous to that of the neutron probe. The dielectric constant was measured at soil depths of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 100 cm. Cores of soil were then taken from the face of pits dug 30 cm from the access tube and their soil water contents determined by oven drying. The dielectric constant values measured by the probe were calibrated against water contents from these cores. We found that sensor depth needed to be included to achieve a good calibration model that explained 72% of the variance. It is argued that depth needs to be included because of artefacts introduced during the installation of the access tube.     

典型黑土pH值变化对微量元素有效态含量的影响研究

采用室内培养实验的方法 ,控制典型黑土样品的酸碱度值 ,探讨典型黑土中 Cu、Zn和 Mn等微量元素有效态含量与 p H值的关系。结果表明 :p H值变化 0 .5个单位左右 ,有效态铜含量变化约 0 .5～ 1倍 ;有效态锰含量变化约 3～ 5倍 ;有效态锌含量变化 9～ 1 5倍之多。说明精确掌握土壤的酸碱度值对于土壤诊断、微肥的合理施用、提高作物产量和实现土地的可持续利用都具有重要的理论与实践意义