水稻的硅素积累与分配特性及其基因型差异

研究了南方稻区30个水稻品种(系)的硅素积累与分配特性及其基因型差异。结果表明,水稻成熟期植株含硅量在1.62％～2.66％之间,植株含硅量的基因型差异显著;前期硅素积累量少,幼穗分化期以后硅素积累量占总积累量的3/4,不同生育阶段硅素积累的基因型差异达显著或极显著水平。硅在器官中的分配因生育期及栽培季节不同而异,早季成熟期硅在茎叶穗中的分配比例分别为43.36％、23.07％和33.57％,晚季分别为33.23％、19.75％、47.02％。水稻硅素积累量与干物质积累量、稻谷产量及N、P、K积累量呈显著相关。     

Effect of Application of Acidified Porous Hydrate Calcium Silicate and Porous Hydrated Calcium Silicate on the Growth of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.)

The effect of the application of acidified porous hydrate calcium silicate (APS) in nursery bed soil and porous hydrate calcium silicate (PS) in paddy fields on the growth of rice plants ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) was examined in 2002 and 2003. The results revealed the following: 1) Shoot dry weight of rice seedlings increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. The tiller number of rice plants after transplanting in both years also increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil, and in 2003, the tiller number in the treatment with a combination of APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy fields was significantly higher than that in the other treatments until the maximum tiller number stage. Furthermore, the root length of rice plants 14 d after transplanting increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 2) Silicon concentration in the soil solution significantly increased by PS treatment in paddy fields, and the concentration of dissolved carbon oxide increased by APS treatment in nursery bed soil. 3) Only in the APS treatment the rice yield was 341 g m⁻², while 400 and 450 g m⁻² in the PS and both APS and PS treatments, respectively, in 2003. Percentages of ripened grains in the plots without PS treatment ranged from 57 to 63%, respectively, while, those in the PS treated plots were 82%. The numbers of panicles and ripened grains in both APS and PS treatments were the highest among the treatments. Based on the above results, we concluded that both APS in nursery bed soil and PS in paddy field treatments were effective in improving the silicon nutrition and growth of rice plants, and that this effect was enhanced by a combination of treatments with the two.     

硅、镁、硼肥对甘蔗产量和产糖量影响的研究

在硅、镁、硼营养较缺乏的甘蔗田，进行硅肥、镁肥、磷肥的施肥效应试验，结果表明：硅、镁、硼肥及其不同施肥水平对甘蔗的株高、茎径、锤度、产量和产糖量有明显的影响。施用硅肥使甘蔗锤度、产量和理论产糖量分别比对照增加0.42～1．11，11．04～14．96t／hm^2和1．84～2．10t／hm^2；施用镁肥分别比对照增加0.93～1．26，4．02～9．55t／hm^2和0．99～1．53t／hm^2；施用硼肥分别比对照增加0．41～1．20，5．00～10．00t／hm^2和0．80～1．82t／hm^2。     

施用钢渣对水稻土pH、水溶态硅动态及水稻产量的影响

测定了盆栽水稻生育期土壤淋滤液pH和水溶态硅浓度 ,探讨了其变化规律。结果表明 ,与对照相比施用钢渣提高了土壤 pH ,且这种影响随钢渣施用量的增加和粒度变细而加强。在水稻生育期内各处理土壤水溶态硅都经历了一个先上升达到高峰 ,然后逐渐下降 ,最终趋于稳定的过程 ;施用钢渣各处理土壤水溶态硅浓度在插秧后 3～ 4周内低于对照 ,以后则高于对照 ,这种情况随钢渣施用量的增加或粒度变细而更为显著。试验结果还表明 ,施用钢渣可以明显提高水稻产量。     

The status of atmospheric concentrations of ammonia in an intensive dairy farming area in central Japan

(pp. 41–46)
Silicon availability in 36 commercial nursery bed soils was evaluated by four methods the phosphate buffer (pH 6.2, 40 mmol L⁻¹), incubation, supernatant and acetate buffer (pH 4.0, 1 mol L⁻¹) Methods. The influence of silicon availability in the nursery bed soils on the silicon uptake of rice Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore seedlings and the effect of silicon fertilizer application were examined in a glass house in 2002.
The results revealed that the best correlation between silicon content in rice seedlings and available silicon in soils was obtained with the phosphate buffer-solution method ( r  = 0.86). More precise evaluation of available silicon was achieved by grouping soils based on these phosphate absorption coefficients (PAC). The correlation coefficients between silicon content in rice seedlings and available silicon in soils were 0.92 and 0.72 for volcanic soils (PAC > 1500) and non volcanic soils (PAC < 1500), respectively.
We concluded that the phosphate buffer method is the most easily adjusted method for estimation of silicon availability in nursery bed soils, and silicon fertilizers should be applied when silicon availability in non-volcanic nursery bed soils goes below 200 mg kg⁻¹, whereas the level is less than 350 mg kg⁻¹ in volcanic soils.     

Silicon Ameliorates the Adverse Effects of Salinity on Turfgrass Growth and Development

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate on Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers., Festuca arundinacea Schreb. and Lolium perenne L. With increased salinity level, chlorophyll content and relative water content (RWC) in these three turfgrasses were reduced significantly when compared with the untreated control. Supplementary silicon (Si) ameliorated the adverse effects of salinity on chlorophyll content. Silicon treatments decreased proline at all salinity levels. Moreover, addition of Si increased shoot length and shoot number in all turfgrasses. Sodium (Na) concentration was increased in both leaves and roots of turfgrasses at high salinity level; however, Si treatment significantly reduced Na concentration in all of them. Silicon increased Potassium concentration in shoots and roots (though not significantly) in most cases. It can be concluded that Si alleviated the adverse effects of salt stress in all turfgrasses.     

爪极式无刷硅整流发电机的负载特性分析

本文简单介绍爪极式无刷硅整流发电机的构造和负载特性曲线,着重分析外特性曲线并论证发电机限流作用的条件和范围。本文导出了发电机整流线路在空载和负载状态下输出直流工作电压的计算公式。     

有机硅废水处理方法研究

总结了近几年有机硅废水的处理方法,有物理法、化学氧化法、气提处理工艺、微电解处理工艺和生化处理工艺等,并结合近几年国内外的研究成果,介绍了国内外有机硅废水的深度处理技术,同时对有机硅废水处理技术的发展趋势进行了展望。     

石灰和硅肥对非污染土壤Cd有效性和花生Cd含量的影响

本文研究了花生盆栽过程中,不同用量石灰及石灰、硅肥配施对非污染土壤有效态Cd和花生籽仁Cd含量的影响。结果表明:(1)在常规施肥条件下,施用石灰及石灰、硅肥配施均能显著提高土壤pH值,同时使得花生叶片细胞膜透性具有降低的趋势;石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时的土壤有效态Cd含量降低了12.6%(显著低于CK),而石灰、硅肥配施组合对降低土壤有效Cd含量的作用不显著,可能与硅肥中Cd含量较高有关。(2)不同石灰施用量均有降低花生籽仁中Cd含量的趋势,其中石灰施用量为0.67g·kg-1土时花生籽仁Cd含量比CK降低26.1%;但石灰、硅肥配施对降低花生籽仁Cd含量的作用不显著。(3)花生籽仁Cd含量与土壤有效态Cd含量达正相关显著水平,表明土壤Cd有效性是影响花生籽仁Cd含量的主要原因。     

不同砧木对嫁接黄瓜蜡粉形成及硅吸收分配的影响

 为探讨嫁接影响黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成的机制,选择对嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成具有明显不同影响的砧木品种,研究了嫁接黄瓜的植株生长和硅吸收分配特性,结果表明：少蜡粉砧木嫁接黄瓜,结果期株高、叶片数和前期产量低于多蜡粉砧木和中蜡粉砧木嫁接的黄瓜,但显著高于自根黄瓜;黄瓜叶片中硅含量显著高于茎和根系;少蜡粉砧木嫁接黄瓜叶片和茎中硅含量低于中蜡粉、多蜡粉砧木嫁接黄瓜和自根黄瓜;根系中硅含量以‘云南黑籽南瓜’嫁接的黄瓜最高;黄瓜果实发育过程中果实中硅含量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,位于果实同节位的叶片中硅含量逐渐减少;少蜡粉砧木嫁接黄瓜果实中硅含量明显低于多蜡粉砧木、中蜡粉砧木嫁接黄瓜和自根黄瓜。不同砧木影响嫁接黄瓜果实表面蜡粉形成可能与硅的吸收分配特性有关。