中国对虾亲虾的能量代谢研究

本试验测定了中国对虾亲虾在禁食和静息状态下的耗氧率、二氧化碳排出率和氨氮排泄率,研究了它们的呼吸商、氧氮比、能源的化学本质及其消耗量之比。结果表明,体重为85.1±14.8克的亲虾,在水温19～22℃时的耗氧率为0.25±0.08毫克/克·小时,二氧化碳排出率为0.28±0.09毫克/克·小时,氨氮排泄率为8.86±3.53微克/克·小时;亲虾以蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的混台物为能源,其中以蛋白质为主,脂肪次之,碳水化合物的利用最少;亲虾的耗氧率(Y)与体重(W)呈负相关,Y=1.89W~(-1.3),而与性腺发育的影响则相反,性腺发育好的亲虾代谢率高,性腺发育差的亲虾代谢率低。     

柘林湾网箱养殖海域溶解氧分布及其影响因素

根据１９９８年７月在南海东北部柘林湾的调查数据，探讨网箱养殖海域溶解氧的分布及其与其他环境因子间的关系，结果显示夏季海水溶解氧浓度为３.03-7.86mg/L( 平均５．３０）,退潮时（平均５.71)高于涨潮时（平均４.65)涨潮时网箱区内贫氧（ ＜０．mg/L).多元逐步回归分析表明，对溶解氧浓度有重要影响的水质因子为pH和水温，其次为盐度，ＣＯＤ和营养盐，它们的变化与ＤＯ的变化有较好的相关性，区域比较表明，海水溶解氧浓度与观测僧置到网箱区的距离呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０２），与底质硫物，ＰＯ４－Ｐ含量呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）,溶解氧浓度偏低与养殖环境的污染有直接关系。     

Effects of dietary thiamin on the physiological status of the grouper <Emphasis Type="Italic">Epinephelus coioides</Emphasis>

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary thiamin on the physiological status of the juvenile grouper, Epinephelus coioides. Graded levels of thiamin (0.08, 0.50, 2.12, 3.15, 4.63, 12.37 mg thiamin kg⁻¹ diet) were fed to grouper juveniles (mean weight: 16.97 ± 0.14 g) for 10 weeks. Although fish fed the thiamin-deficient (TD) diet showed no obvious symptoms of thiamin deficiency or increased mortality, those fed the lowest doses of thiamin (0.08 and 0.50 mg thiamin kg⁻¹ diet) had significantly decreased transketolase activity in the liver. In addition, the level of liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in fish fed the TD diet was 33–67% higher than that in fish with the thiamin-supplemented diet. There were no significant differences in superoxide dismutase activity between the different groups of fish.     

盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率和排氨率的影响

研究了大菱鲆(Scophamusmaximus)幼鱼由盐度34向低盐(盐度28、23、18、12、6)以及向高盐(盐度40)适应过程中代谢率的变化。结果表明:盐度改变后,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼的耗氧率和排氨率都呈现出不同程度的逐渐升高趋势,随着盐度突变范围的增大,变化趋势更为明显。在突变后24h左右,各突变组大菱鲆幼鱼耗氧率出现高峰值,48h后恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的耗氧率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。在突变后9～15h排氨率出现高峰值,48h后各组大菱鲆幼鱼的排氨率恢复到突变前的水平,此时各实验组大菱鲆的排氨率没有显著的差异性(P>0.05)。     

The effect of acid water on oxygen consumption,circulating catecholamines and blood ionic and acid-base status in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri,Richardson)

Chronically cannulated rainbow trout were exposed in acid water (pH 4.0) for 72h. The gill potential was strongly dependent on water pH, being blood side negative in neutral water, but positive in acid water. Catecholamine levels increased irregularly during acid exposure, and the Bohr and Root effects were not completely erased by the effect of catecholamines during acid exposure. Long term exposure to low water pH, although causing an acidosis in the fish, did not suppress resting oxygen consumption. Prolonged exposure to acid conditions, however, resulted in an increase in ammonia excretion. Changes in plasma sodium and chloride were similar to that reported previously for trout exposed to low calcium, acid water. We conclude that exposure of trout to pH 4 soft water, although impairing oxygen transport, does not limit resting oxygen consumption but does reduce the scope for activity. More extreme acid conditions do impair resting oxygen uptake.     

Fixed location hydroacoustic monitoring of fish populations in the tidal River Hull, north-east England, in relation to water quality

Abstract  Fixed location hydroacoustic fish monitoring was carried out at a series of sites in the tidal River Hull, north-east England, in July 1996 during periods of moderate freshwater flows and spring tides. This was followed by a corresponding series during a period of lower freshwater flows and spring tides in autumn 1996. The surveys indicated substantial numbers of fish living upstream and downstream of a depleted oxygen zone which exists in the tidal Hull. Conditions in this zone of poor water quality deteriorated further during low flow periods due to reduced dilution of effluents. Fish populations moved with the tide apparently in response to gradients of dissolved oxygen and salinity. Under conditions of low freshwater flow and high tides, gradients of salinity and oxygen were steeper and fish responses appeared more marked: at higher salinities, the response to increasing salinity overrode the response to decreasing oxygen availability.     

Effect of salinity on growth, survival and oxygen consumption of juvenile brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes)

The brown shrimp, Farfantepenaeus californiensis (Holmes), is a species native to north‐west Mexico, where its culture potential is presently being addressed. Because of the climatic conditions prevailing in the region, salinities over 40 g L^?1 is a commonly encountered problem. In the present study, the effect of salinity on the growth and mortality of juvenile F. californiensis is described. The change in short‐term routine metabolism at different salinities was also evaluated in order to define the adaptive capacity of the shrimp and to provide insight into the changes in the pathways of energy distribution. Groups of shrimp were exposed to increasing salinity (25, 35, 45 and 55 g L^?1), and growth and survival rates after 75 days were determined in duplicate 1.8‐m³ tanks for each salinity level. Significant differences were found in final weight, growth rate and mortality of shrimp as a result of salinity level. Final mean shrimp weights at increasing salinity levels were 10.0, 9.4, 8.6 and 7.8 g. Corresponding mortality was 24.4%, 15.1%, 33.6% and 55.7%. Oxygen consumption was found to depend significantly on salinity and was equivalent to 0.0027, 0.0037, 0.0043 and 0.0053 mg g^?1 min^?1 respectively for the increasing salinities. The increased rate of oxygen consumption at high salinities reflects the response of the organism to osmoregulatory and ionic imbalances. Increased energy requirements to fulfil basic metabolic function as salinity increased resulted in a reduction in the energy that could be diverted to growth. Consequently, the culture of the brown shrimp at salinities over 35 g L^?1 would probably result in reduced yields.     

Effects of oxygen supersaturation and temperature on juvenile greenlip, Haliotis laevigata Donovan, and blacklip, Haliotis rubra Leach, abalone

Growth and survival of juvenile greenlip (39.03 (SD 3.80) mm (n=524)) and blacklip (31.92 (SD 4.19) mm (n=531) abalone were investigated at high dissolved oxygen levels (95–120% saturation) between 17 and 19°C. Abalone were fed the same artificial diet and each species was contained in groups of approximately 30 individuals within triplicate tanks for each of six treatments and were exposed to flow through water adjusted to give experimental conditions for up to 75 days. Blacklip abalone held at 16.9°C and 97% oxygen saturation grew in shell length significantly faster than all other treatments of blacklip abalone held at 19°C, and significantly faster than blacklip abalone maintained at 111% oxygen saturation and 17.5°C. Both temperature and oxygen saturation significantly affected the survival of this species. Blacklip abalone held at 19°C had significantly lower survival for both 96% oxygen saturation and 120% oxygen saturation, compared with blacklip abalone maintained at either 110% oxygen saturation and 19°C, or for any 17°C treatment. No significant differences were noted for greenlip abalone within the range tested in terms of growth rate, food consumption rate or survival, indicating that greenlip abalone tolerated these conditions better than did blacklip abalone.     

Effects of prolonged epinephrine infusion on blood respiratory and acid-base states in the rainbow trout: Alpha and beta effects

Rainbow trout were infused continuously for 12h with epinephrine in the presence or absence of alpha-and/or beta-adrenergic blockade to characterize the specific adrenergic mechanisms involved in the control of blood acid-base status and oxygen transport capacity. Infusion of epinephrine, alone, produced a transient respiratory acidosis, as indicated by an increase in carbon dioxide tension and a decrease in whole blood pH, yet arterial oxygen tension was elevated. Red blood cell pH increased by approximately 0.2 pH units during epinephrine infusion and this increase as well as the increase in oxygen tension were prevented by pretreatment with propranolol (a beta-adrenergic antagonist). Epinephrine infusion during alpha-adrenergic blockade caused a prolonged elevation of blood carbon dioxide tension and abolished the increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations observed during epinephrine infusion alone. Infusion of the alpha-adrenergic agonists phenylephrine (an alpha₁ agonist) or clonidine (an alpha₂ agonist) caused respiratory acidosis (decreased pH, increased CO₂ tension) and a reduction in oxygen tension. Infusion of isoprenaline (a non-specific beta agonist) caused delayed increases in carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions. We speculate that the increased carbon dioxide tension observed during epinephrine infusion is a result of beta-adrenoceptor mediated inhibition of red blood cell bicarbonate dehydration and not branchial convective or diffusive adjustments. The effects of epinephrine on blood O₂ tension, content and carrying capacity are discussed with reference to the participation of alpha- and beta-adrenergic mechanisms at the gill, spleen and red blood cell.