不同玉米品种在陇东旱塬区适应性试验初报

为筛选出适合陇东旱塬区种植的优质高产玉米品种,于2019年在甘肃庆阳对12个玉米品种的农艺性状和抗逆性(倒伏率、对茎腐病的抗性)等进行了田间比较。结果表明,供试12个玉米品种在当地均可正常成熟,生育期为128～143 d。产量以先玉1321最高,为15 400.5 kg/hm2;新玉108次之,为14 785.5 kg/hm2;兴贮88居第3位,为14 448.0 kg/hm2。在抗逆性方面,九圣禾2468、新玉108、陕单650、迪卡519、松科106、兴贮88倒伏率均为0,表现出良好的抗倒伏性;九圣禾2468、新玉108和陇单9号对茎腐病表现出良好的抗性。从农艺性状和抗性等综合考虑,新玉108、九圣禾2468和兴贮88表现最佳,适宜在陇东旱塬区种植。     

温度、pH对马铃薯多酚氧化酶活性的影响

对加工型马铃薯试管苗、茎段愈伤组织、块茎及块茎芽在不同温度、不同 pH条件下PPO活性的检测结果表明 :pH对马铃薯PPO活性具有明显的影响 ,块茎芽以及愈伤组织PPO活性均在 pH 5～ 5 5之间最高 ,分别为 94 2 0及 2 0 4 0 (0 0 1ΔOD/min) ,而试管苗在培养基 pH为 8时PPO活性最高 (19 80 (0 0 1ΔOD/min) )。不同温度下不同品种PPO活性表现不同 ,甘农薯 1号、Atlantic试管苗PPO活性在 18～ 2 5℃之间达到高峰 ,分别为 16 80和 37 2 0 (0 0 1ΔOD/min) ;Shep ody、Snowden试管苗在 5℃下PPO活性较高 ;除此之外 ,不同品种贮藏块茎PPO活性均在 2 5℃表现最高。     

Mild drying of sandy soil can physically limit the uptake of phosphorus by rainfed lowland rice in northeast Thailand

ABSTRACT

Poor response of rice to phosphorus (P) fertilization and low phytoavailability of soil P have been reported in sandy rainfed fields in northeast Thailand. In order to evaluate the effects of mild soil drying on the uptake of P by rainfed lowland rice, we carried out nutrient omission trials for nitrogen (N) and P at Ubon Ratchathani Rice Research Center under rainfed and flooded conditions. The surface soil was classified as sandy loam. To avoid severe soil drying and drought stress in the rainfed field, soil water potential at a depth of 20 cm was maintained at the field capacity (> ?20 kPa) by flush irrigation. The effects of flooding and drying on the soil properties were also evaluated in the laboratory using soils with diverse textures in and around the center. In the field experiments, the above-ground biomass of rice plants (RD6) did not respond significantly to P fertilization in the rainfed field, although it responded positively to N fertilization. Root length in the surface 10 cm under the rainfed condition was significantly smaller than that under the flooded condition due partly to the increased soil hardness upon drying, but this could not quantitatively explain the large discrepancy of P uptake observed between the rainfed and flooded conditions. Under the rainfed condition, the P uptake did not increase significantly, even when the concentration of soil Bray P was tripled by transferring the surface soil from the flooded to the rainfed field. From the laboratory experiments, it was further suggested that soil P was supplied mainly by diffusion and that the effective diffusion coefficient for P can become less than one-tenth of the value in the flooded field when the sandy soil with clay at around 10% dried to ?100 kPa. Our results suggest that the uptake of P by the rainfed lowland rice grown in sandy soil can be limited physically by mild soil drying that reduces the supply of P to roots by diffusion rather than the chemical extractability of soil P.     

田间微集雨技术研究及应用

过去30 a,田间微集雨技术逐渐发展成为黄土高原雨养农业区的主要耕作技术。自上世纪八十年代以来,不同田间微集雨及覆盖（地膜、砂石和秸秆）栽培技术在黄土高原不断更新换代,先后经历了垄沟无覆盖技术、平地覆盖技术、垄沟半覆盖技术和垄沟全覆盖技术等发展过程,特别是沟垄地膜全覆盖技术大面积推广和应用,为西北旱区粮食单产大幅度提高提供了强大的支撑作用。本文综述了田间微集雨技术的演变历程及对农田生态系统的影响及机理,归纳了垄沟和覆盖模式及播种方式对作物产量形成、水分利用效率、作物生理生态、土壤质量、土壤微生物、杂草、病虫害、覆盖物残留和作物物候等的影响,并分析了该技术的高产高效和生态风险以及两者的互作关系。文章最后还对该技术的高效性、可持续性和发展潜力进行了讨论,旨在对雨养农业生态系统的可持续管理提供理论指导。     

PGPR菌肥对马铃薯产量与肥料利用率影响的初步研究

采用单因素随机区组设计,在辽宁省葫芦岛市绥中县通过大田试验研究了PGPR菌肥对马铃薯产量和土壤氮磷钾养分的影响。结果表明,增施促生菌肥比常规施肥,地下块茎部分钾素吸收率高出9.98%,氮素吸收率高出19.61%,磷素吸收率高出20.1%。马铃薯产量比常规施肥提高12.4%,明显提高肥料利用率,证明在配施生物菌肥的条件下提高马铃薯产量是可行的。     

Zinc Deficiency in Rainfed Wheat in Pakistan: Magnitude,Spatial Variability,Management, and Plant Analysis Diagnostic Norms

Abstract

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is a widespread micronutrient disorder in crops grown in calcareous soils; therefore, we conducted a nutrient indexing of farmer‐grown rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum, cv. Pak‐81) in 1.82 Mha Potohar plateau of Pakistan by sampling up to 30 cm tall whole shoots and associated soils. The crop was Zn deficient in more than 80% of the sampled fields, and a good agreement existed between plant Zn concentration and surface soil AB‐DTPA Zn content (r=0.52; p≤0.01). Contour maps of the sampled areas, prepared by geostatistical analysis techniques and computer graphics, delineated areas of Zn deficiency and, thus, would help focus future research and development. In two field experiments on rainfed wheat grown in alkaline Zn‐deficient Typic Haplustalfs (AB‐DTPA Zn, 0.49–0.52 mg kg^?1), soil‐applied Zn increased grain yield up to 12% over control. Fertilizer requirement for near‐maximum wheat grain yield was 2.0 kg Zn ha^?1, with a VCR of 4∶1. Zinc content in mature grain was a good indicator of soil Zn availability status, and plant tissue critical Zn concentration ranges appear to be 16–20 mg kg^?1 in young whole shoots, 12–16 mg kg^?1 in flag leaves, and 20–24 mg Zn kg^?1 in mature grains.     

Improvement and Assessment of Soil Quality under Long-Term Conservation Agricultural Practices in Hot,Arid Tropical Aridisol

Soils in the hot, arid topical regions are low in organic matter and fertility and are structurally poor. Consequently, these soils suffer on account of poor physical, chemical, and biological soil quality traits, leading to miserably low crop yields. Long-term use of conjunctive nutrient management and conservation tillage practices may have a profound effect on improving the quality of these soils. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the key soil quality indicators, indices, and the best soil- and nutrient-management practices that can improve soil quality on long-term basis for enhanced productivity under a pearl millet–based system. The studies were conducted for the Hissar Centre of All-India Coordinated Research Project at the Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad. Conjunctive nutrient-use treatments and conservation tillage significantly influenced the majority of the soil quality parameters in both the experiments. In experiment 1, the key soil quality indicators that significantly contributed to soil quality in a rainfed pearl millet–mung bean system were available nitrogen (N, 35%), available zinc (Zn; 35%), available copper (Cu; 10%), pH (10%), available potassium (K; 5%), and dehydrogenase assay (5%). The three best conjunctive nutrient-use treatments in terms of soil quality indices (SQI) were T3, 25 kg N (compost) (1.52) > T6, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (inorganic) + biofertilizer (1.49) > T5, 15 kg N (compost) + 10 kg N (green leaf manure) (1.47). In experiment 2, under a rainfed pearl millet system, the key indicators and their percentage contributions were electrical conductivity (15%), available N (19%), exchangeable magnesium (Mg; 18%), available manganese (Mn; 13%), dehydrogenase assay (19%), microbial biomass carbon (C; 5%), and bulk density (11%). The three best tillage + nutrient treatments identified from the viewpoint of soil quality were T1, conventional tillage (CT) + two intercultures (IC) + 100% N (organic source/compost) (1.74) > T3, CT + two IC + 100% N (inorganic source) (1.74) > T4, low tillage + two IC + 100% N (organic source/compost) (1.70). The findings of the present study as well as the state-of-the-art methodology adopted could be of much interest and use to the future researchers including students, land managers, state agricultural officers, growers/farmers, and all other associated stakeholders. The prediction function developed between long-term pearl millet crop yields (y) and soil quality indices (x) in this study could be of much use in predicting the crop yields with a given change in soil quality index under similar situations.     

Integrated Nutrient-Management Technology for Direct-Seeded Upland Rice (Oryza sativa) in Northwestern Himalayas

Alarming climate change, rainfed upland farming, and low resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer management practices are major production constraints detrimental to rice productivity in the northwestern (NW) Himalayas. Recent agronomic intervention of direct-seeded rice (DSR) coupled with suitable rice germplasm well suited to rainfed upland ecosystems in combination with appropriate integrated nutrient-management (INM) technology can enhance the rice productivity in the region. Thus, a field experiment with seven treatments replicated three times in a randomized block design was conducted on INM technology in rainfed upland rice cv. HPR-1156 (Sukaradhan-1) to harness the potential of DSR technology in order to boost rice productivity in the NW Himalayas. Results on INM in direct-seeded upland rice revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha^?1 (oven dry-weight basis) significantly resulted in the greatest magnitude of growth and development (plant height, tillers m^?2) and yield-contributing characters (panicles m^?2, panicle length, grains panicle^?1 and 1000-grain weight), resulting in significantly greatest grain, straw, and biological yield followed by sole use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 and NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1, respectively, in rainfed upland rice. Application of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1 again resulted in significant improvement in soil organic carbon and available NPK status over other treatments and initial soil fertility status in an acidic Alfisol. Overall, it is inferred that INM technology with judicious use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha^?1 + FYM at 5 t ha^?1 in rainfed upland rice under DSR technology can enhance the rice productivity and resource-use efficiency in NW Himalayas.     

黑美人马铃薯结合态和游离态多酚氧化酶的酶学性质研究

为有效控制马铃薯加工过程中的酶促褐变,以黑美人马铃薯块茎为原料,分别提取游离态多酚氧化酶(sPPO)和膜结合态多酚氧化酶(mPPO)粗酶,并进行酶学性质研究.结果表明,黑美人马铃薯sPPO和mPPO的最大吸收波长分别为403 nm和406 nm.sPPO最适反应pH值为7,最适反应温度为25℃;mPPO最适反应pH值为7,最适反应温度为30℃.以绿原酸和间苯二酚为底物时,sPPO和mPPO均未检测到酶活力;以邻苯二酚为底物时,sPPO、mPPO的米氏常数(Km)分别为39.423、35.291 mmol/L,最大反应速度(Vmax)分别为0.019、0.290 mmol·L-1·min-1;以焦性没食子酸为底物时,sPPO、mPPO的Km分别为205.896、205.067 mmol/L,Vmax分别为0.008、22.321 mmol·L-1·min-1.亚硫酸钠、抗坏血酸对sPPO和mPPO酶活力抑制作用明显;植酸、草酸、柠檬酸和EDTA对sPPO和mPPO酶活力也有不同程度的抑制.以上结果说明:sPPO和mPPO酶学性质存在较大差异,mPPO酶活力要显著高于sPPO,建议在利用黑美人马铃薯进行加工时,重点考虑mPPO对酶促褐变的影响.     

西南冷凉高地鲜切马铃薯抗褐变研究

西南冷凉地区是我国马铃薯主产区之一,近年来马铃薯产业快速发展,其加工产品不断增加,为解决鲜切马铃薯在保鲜过程中发生的褐变问题,以昭薯ZT032为试材,选取柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、D-异抗坏血酸钠、氯化钙作为护色剂,通过单因素试验,研究了其对鲜切马铃薯片的护色效果,并在此基础上采用响应面法进行护色剂复配研究.结果表明:复合护色剂对多酚氧化酶活性的抑制效果优于单一护色剂,复合护色剂的最优配方为柠檬酸0.47％、L-半胱氨酸0.28％、D-异抗坏血酸钠0.05％、氯化钙0.54％,在此条件下,酶活性抑制率可达95.13％,加工的鲜切马铃薯护色效果较好.