大蒜仿形浮动切根机构运动特性分析与仿真

为深入研究大蒜仿形浮动切根机构作业机理,进一步提升仿形浮动切根作业质量,开展切根机构仿形浮动作业过程运动学解析,构建切根机构浮动位移量数学模型、回转切刀刃口轨迹曲面数学模型、切刀刃口切割速度数学模型,探明切根机构结构参数和运动参数对仿形浮动切根作业过程的影响;同时,通过ADAMS虚拟样机仿真试验,获取切刀运动轨迹曲线、时间—切割速度曲线和位移—切割速度曲线,分析不同切刀转速、切刀数量、刃口位置点、切刀位移等对切割次数、漏切区、切刀运动轨迹、切割速度的影响。研究结果表明,通过合理设置切根机构结构参数和运动参数,可有效实现机构的仿形浮动切割作业,提升切根作业效果;当蒜株输送速度为1 m/s、切刀倾斜角度为33°、回转切刀转速为2 600 r/min时,根盘处的根系被单个切刀刃口旋转最高点的切割次数可达到2次,且漏切区面积很小;当蒜株输送速度为1 m/s、切刀倾斜角度为33°、回转切刀转速为1 000 r/min、切刀数量为4片时,根盘处的根系被所有切刀的刃口旋转最高点的切割次数为2次,且漏切区面积很小。该研究可为大蒜联合收获仿形浮动切根作业机理研究和机构优化提供理论参考。     

Metabolomic Tools for Secondary Metabolite Discovery from Marine Microbial Symbionts

Marine invertebrate-associated symbiotic bacteria produce a plethora of novel secondary metabolites which may be structurally unique with interesting pharmacological properties. Selection of strains usually relies on literature searching, genetic screening and bioactivity results, often without considering the chemical novelty and abundance of secondary metabolites being produced by the microorganism until the time-consuming bioassay-guided isolation stages. To fast track the selection process, metabolomic tools were used to aid strain selection by investigating differences in the chemical profiles of 77 bacterial extracts isolated from cold water marine invertebrates from Orkney, Scotland using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Following mass spectrometric analysis and dereplication using an Excel macro developed in-house, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to differentiate the bacterial strains based on their chemical profiles. NMR ¹H and correlation spectroscopy (COSY) were also employed to obtain a chemical fingerprint of each bacterial strain and to confirm the presence of functional groups and spin systems. These results were then combined with taxonomic identification and bioassay screening data to identify three bacterial strains, namely Bacillus sp. 4117, Rhodococcus sp. ZS402 and Vibrio splendidus strain LGP32, to prioritize for scale-up based on their chemically interesting secondary metabolomes, established through dereplication and interesting bioactivities, determined from bioassay screening.     

Gene Discovery and Characterization from Non-sequenced Medicinal Plants

Plant-derived secondary metabolites still constitute important resources for currently prescribed drugs and for the discovery of active principles which are effective in new indication areas. Promising compounds are often exclusively found in wild medicinal plants and the classical plant-based pharmaceutical production approach has been hampered by low yields, lack of reproducibility and the high complexity of plant extracts （Rischer and Oksman-Caldentey, 2005）. Influencing the accumulation of target compounds by breeding or genetic engineering is greatly impeded because in most cases the general biosynthetic routes are incompletely understood.     

哈密瓜削皮机之仿形机构的研究

本文介绍了一种适用于哈密瓜机械削皮机的仿形机构,并就其结构形式和主要结构尺寸进行了初步的设计。该仿形机构的特点是结构简单、仿形灵活,且仿形力可进行准确的变换。     

棉花八氢番茄红素脱氢酶GhPDS1基因的克隆与表达谱分析

八氢番茄红素脱氢酶(PDS)在胡萝卜素生理代谢和病毒诱导外源基因沉默中起着非常重要的作用.本研究通过同源克隆方法,分析已报道植物八氢番茄红素脱氢酶氨基酸保守区,设计筒并引物,扩增出编码棉花PDS基因cDNA中间片段.通过RACE技术成功地克隆了棉花PDS基因的全长cDNA,命名为GhPDS1(GenBank No.HQ...     

Variability of communities and physiological characteristics between free-living bacteria and attached bacteria during the PAH biodegradation in a soil/water system

The biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) via free-living and attached micro-organisms in soil/water systems was observed in order to examine the variability in the community dynamics and physiological profiles of the micro-organisms. As determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the Domain Bacteria, consisting of three phyla α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria, reached 41.27–56.05% of all organisms in the soil/water system for PAH biodegradation. Among the free-living species, Proteobacteria, including Brevundimonas (Pseudomonas) diminuta, Caulobacter spp., Mycoplana bullata, Acidovorax spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found to be dominant—making up 93.51–99.80% of the population—and therefore seem to be associated with PAH biodegradation. Total plate count numbers and the count of Pseudomonas sp. present in the free-living population increased to between 10³ and 10⁶ CFU ml⁻¹ when clay with very low organic matter content was used as the matrix for PAH degradation. However, total plate count microbial numbers increased to only 10¹–10² CFU ml⁻¹ using natural soil from Taichung containing 1.883% organic matter. The soil organic content (SOM) seemed to affect the mass transfer of PAH in soil, leading to the difference in PAH biodegradation. Two different approaches, which included community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) and ectoenzymatic activities, were used to explain the functional diversity between free-living and attached bacteria. The free-living and attached bacterial communities from the clay system showed proportionately greater differences using CLPP. Relatively high levels of esterases, aminopeptidases and some specific glycolysis-gluconeogenesis enzymes gave an identifiable correlation with PAH biodegradation. The differences in bacterial composition, numbers and physiological characteristics show that free-living and attached micro-organisms may play different biochemical roles in PAH degradation in soil.     

基于圆柱面模型的仿形喷雾植物冠层密度超声量化测试

基于低成本超声波传感器搭建了一套植物冠层超声回波信号检测系统,建立了基于圆柱面叶片分布模型的量化测试台。在正交中心复合设计试验基础上,建立了超声回波信号均值与冠层密度、探测距离的定量关系,即植物冠层密度量化模型。对已建立的植物冠层密度量化模型进行方差分析,结果表明,植物冠层密度量化模型具有显著性,且失拟性不显著。植物冠层密度量化模型决定系数R2和预测模型决定系数R2分别为0. 988 5和0. 911 4,表明试验值和预测值具有良好的一致性。为了验证已建立的植物冠层量化模型的可靠性,于室内测试台进行了4种植物在3种不同测试距离下的冠层密度验证测试,试验结果表明,实测值与模型测量值的相对误差最小为1. 230%,最大为13. 650%,平均相对误差为6. 120%,植物冠层密度量化模型对室内测试台的冠层密度测量有较好适用性。室外选择3棵不同的桂树,每棵树选择9个测试点进行验证测试,试验结果表明,实测密度与模型测量密度的最小相对误差为3. 959%,最大相对误差为20. 600%; 3棵桂树的实测密度与模型测量密度的平均相对误差分别为11. 244%、12. 246%和9. 628%,植物冠层密度量化模型对户外桂树密度测量有较好的适用性。     

油麦兼用型精量宽幅免耕播种机仿形凿式开沟器研究

针对播种作业地表不平、播种机宽幅导致各行播深均匀性和稳定性差等问题,设计了一种基于仿形辊弹性形变、实现仿形功能的凿式播种开沟器。阐述了凿式播种开沟器仿形开沟工作原理,确定了凿式刃口曲线方程,构建了开沟器与土壤互作关系力学模型,阐明了仿形机构的弹性形变与仿形阻力及仿形量之间的关系。以凿式曲面刃口宽度、仿形辊直径、入土角、播深为试验因素,采用二次回归正交组合试验方法,利用高速数字化土槽平台,开展了各试验因素对播深稳定性影响试验。试验结果表明,刃口宽度12mm、仿形辊直径24mm、入土角22°时,播深稳定性较优。田间对比试验表明,在最优参数组合下,凿式开沟器的播深变异系数低于9%,地表平整度低于18.5mm,作业通过性好,其开沟性能优于翼铲式开沟器;田间播种试验表明,以4.8m工作幅宽、24行播种的油麦兼用型精量宽幅免耕播种机播种的油菜、小麦,单行苗数变异系数、各行苗数一致性变异系数均低于10%,小麦各行1m内平均苗数为35,春油菜各行1m内平均苗数为26,冬油菜各行1m内平均苗数为20,满足油菜、小麦精量播种及成苗率要求。     

挖拔式木薯收获机挖深液压控制装置的设计与试验

针对挖拔式木薯收获机在收获过程中带有一定倾角的挖掘铲有朝着深度方向行进的趋势,增加了挖土量及挖掘负荷等问题,提出了基于液压控制系统调整挖深的设计思路。为此,研制了一种挖深液压控制装置,主要由地表仿形机构、挖掘铲液压调节机构、液压系统及PLC控制系统4部分组成;同时,对液压系统的负载特性进行系统分析计算,选取了合适的执行元器件,并在此基础上进行土槽实验。结果表明:地表仿形机构,最大误差8.9%,平均误差3.5%;掘铲液压控制系统的响应时间为1.7s,1s内完成对挖出铲的角度与深度自动调节,测试效果能够满足精准挖深控制要求。