草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾卵块表面鳞毛层对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生效能的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是近期入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus是鳞翅目夜蛾科害虫卵期的重要寄生性天敌。本试验以有和无鳞毛层的草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾S.litura卵为寄主,揭示寄主卵块表面鳞毛层对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生适应性的影响。结果表明:两种寄主的卵块,无论有无鳞毛层,夜蛾黑卵蜂对卵块寄生率均达到100%,卵粒寄生率均超过95%;且对夜蛾黑卵蜂子代羽化率和个体大小均无显著影响。但无论有无鳞毛层,斜纹夜蛾卵中夜蛾黑卵蜂的羽化率均显著高于草地贪夜蛾。研究结果说明寄主卵块表面的鳞毛对夜蛾黑卵蜂的寄生作用无显著影响。     

Evaluation of Botanicals for Management of Piercing–Sucking Pests and the Effect on Beneficial Arthropod Populations in Tea Trees Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae)

The tea green leafhopper Empoasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), the orange spiny whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintanca) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the green plant bugs Apolygus lucorum Meyer-Dür (Hemiptera: Miridae) are the important piercing–sucking herbivores in tea trees Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze (Theaceae). The goal of this study was to evaluate the laboratory toxicities and field control efficacies of botanical insecticides including matrine, azadirachtin, veratrine, and pyrethrin to three tea pests. Via leaf-dip bioassay, toxicity tests with botanical insecticides indicated that there were significant differences between the LC₅₀ values for botanical insecticides within the same insect species. Matrine had the highest toxicity to E. onukii, A. spiniferus, and A. lucorum with the LC₅₀ values of 2.35, 13.10, and 44.88 mg/liter, respectively. Field tests showed that, among four botanical insecticides, matrine at dose of 9 g a.i. ha⁻¹ can significantly reduce the numbers of E. onukii and A. spiniferus and the infestation of A. lucorum on the tea plants. Furthermore, botanical insecticides matrine and azadirachtin had no obvious influence on the coccinellids, spiders, and parasitoids densities in tea plantations. The results of this study indicated that use of botanical insecticides, such as matrine, has the potential to manipulate the population of E. onukii, A. spiniferus, and A. lucorum and will be an effective and environmentally compatible strategy for the control of tea pests.     

短管赤眼蜂对草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾不同日龄卵的寄生能力及子代蜂适合度

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda原产于美洲,是新近入侵我国的重大危险性入侵害虫。短管赤眼蜂Trichogramma pretiosum是美洲当地寄生草地贪夜蛾卵的重要自然天敌。该蜂早在1979年就被引入我国。为检测短管赤眼蜂对不同日龄草地贪夜蛾卵的寄生适应性,本研究以发育12 h内、24～36 h和48～60 h的草地贪夜蛾卵为研究对象,以斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura卵为对照,探究了短管赤眼蜂对不同日龄草地贪夜蛾卵和斜纹夜蛾卵的寄生效果及子代蜂的适合度。结果表明:短管赤眼蜂对两种寄主不同日龄的卵块寄生率均达到100%,但对草地贪夜蛾卵表现出更高的卵粒寄生率。与斜纹夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂相比,草地贪夜蛾卵育出的子代蜂个体偏小,平均单卵出蜂数较低。研究结果将为今后应用短管赤眼蜂防治草地贪夜蛾提供基础数据。     

海南草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂调查与基础生物学观察

海南省是我国草地贪夜蛾入侵地之一,为了掌握草地贪夜蛾在海南的发生与防控情况,2019年4—7月,中国热带农业科学院环境与植物保护研究所专家对海南省18个市县主要玉米种植区的草地贪夜蛾天敌开展了实地调查。本研究将调查区采集到的被寄生卵块、幼虫和蛹置于实验室条件下饲养观察,共发现5种寄生蜂天敌,其中卵寄生蜂为夜蛾黑卵蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂,幼虫寄生蜂为淡足侧沟茧蜂,蛹寄生蜂为霍氏啮小蜂,卵-幼虫寄生蜂为台湾甲腹茧蜂,并报道了这5种寄生蜂的主要鉴别特征和基本生物学特性。掌握海南本地草地贪夜蛾寄生蜂天敌的种类,初步探究了其对这种外来入侵害虫的自然控制作用,为筛选防治草地贪夜蛾的优势天敌提供参考。     

银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落结构及其时间动态

在实际调查的基础上,研究了银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落结构组成。结果表明,银川平原麦蚜寄生蜂群落包括初寄生蜂和重寄生蜂两个亚群落,共22种,隶属4总科,7科13属。其中初寄生蜂12种,重寄生蜂10种。燕麦蚜茧蜂（Aphidius avenae）为优势种。并采用多样性指数（H′）、丰富度(S)、均匀度(E)及优势度(C)等指标对麦蚜寄生蜂的群落动态进行了初步分析。结果表明：5月份前初寄生蜂的多样性指数较大,重寄生蜂的多样性则在5月中旬开始上升,总群落在6月上旬多样性指数最高。     

Bark-Beetle Parasitoids Population Surveys Following Storm Damage in Spruce Stands in the Vosges Region (France)

This paper presents the results of a long-term study designed to follow the population dynamics of hymenopteran parasitoids associated with Ips typographus L. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in northeastern France (Alsace and Vosges) in spruce stands devastated by the December 1999 storms. Population densities were estimated by periodic samplings in the pre-emerging insect populations developing under the bark of attacked trees. Data were collected between July 2000 and October 2001. I. typographus population density (per m²) increased respectively by 28%, 105%, and 212% in one year in the three sites surveyed. Six hymenopteran ectoparasitoids were found: Coeloides bostrichorum Giraud and Dendrosoter middendorffi Ratzeburg (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); Rhopalicus tutela (Walker), Roptrocerus xylophagorum (Ratzeburg), Roptrocerus mirus (Walker) and Dinotiscus eupterus (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). After two years, the parasitoid populations increased in terms of average density but parasitism rates remained at a relatively low level, ranging from 0% to 40%, with 60% of the trees having a parasitism rate below 5%. Data outlined the recurrent coexistence of competing parasitoid species.     

江浙野桑蚕寄生性天敌调查及群落结构分析

野桑蚕是重要的桑树害虫。作者于1985—1990年在江浙主要蚕区,进行野外采集、室内饲养其卵、幼虫、蛹共达43万余个体的寄生性天敌调查。调查中共得6种原寄生灭敌,它们是:野蚕黑卵蜂、野蚕平腹小蜂、野蚕绒茧蜂、广大腿小蜂、野蚕黑瘤姬蜂和家蚕追寄蝇。卵块寄生率0—92.22%,卵粒寄生率0—56.73%,幼虫寄生率0—77.36%,蛹寄生率0—19.57%。各寄生天敌比较,以野蚕绒茧蜂和野蚕黑卵蜂最为重要,其中后者更有应用前景。此外,并对野桑蚕寄生天敌群落结构的多样性、相似性作了分析。     

Efficacy of Common Carp and Nile Tilapia as biocontrol agents of rice insect pests in the Philippines

Replicated field plot trials were carried out to evaluate the role of fish as biocontrol agents of insect pests of rice in the Philippines. Evidence from suction sampling, examination of fish gut contents, and rice plant damage assessment strongly suggest that Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) do significantly reduce the densities of stemboring moths and chironomid midges, while the abundance levels of other arthropods are not significantly affected. This impact by fish often was more important in the wet season when heavy rains and wind likely caused the arthropods to become dislodged from the plant and fall onto the water. Predation by fish was particularly evident during the first 45 days of the crop during the wet season when adult chironomid midge abundance was high. The fish gut content analysis revealed that all insect guilds are represented in the diet of both of the fish species regardless of whether the life-cycle of the arthropod prey is aquatic, semi-terrestrial, or terrestrial. Thus, fish in rice fields are part of the assemblage of natural enemies of rice pests. While fish alone cannot completely suppress rice pest populations below the economic threshold, their significant contribution should not be overlooked.     

关于两种赤眼蜂寄生荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的首次报道

本文首次报道了在室内从18个赤眼蜂蜂种中筛选出食胚赤眼蜂Thichogramma embryophagum Hartig、安荔赤眼蜂Thichogramma oleae Voegele et Pointel对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生能力。结果表明,食胚赤眼蜂与安荔赤眼蜂对荔枝蒂蛀虫卵的寄生率分别为21．67%和29．00%,寄生蜂的羽化率分别为81．76%和80．49%,显示出这两种蜂在生物防治上具有一定的应用前景。