几种植物挥发物对椰心叶甲成虫的触角电的生理活性

利用触角电位技术(EAG)研究了椰心叶甲[Brontispalongissima(Gestro)]成虫对19种植物挥发性化合物的嗅觉电生理反应,结果表明,这些化合物均可刺激椰心叶甲产生触角电位反应,而且雌雄虫对这些化合物的EAG反应趋势相似。引发雌雄虫最高EAG值的前6个化合物相同,即是:香叶醇、1-己醛、顺-2-己烯-1-醇、1-庚醛、1-己醇、1-辛烯-3-醇。雄虫对1-己醇,反-2-己烯醛和1-戊醛三种化合物的EAG反应值大于雌虫,其余16种化合物引发的EAG反应值,都是雌虫大于雄虫,但只有对1-己醛的EAG反应值雌虫与雄虫间达到差异显著水平。本文讨论了这些结果与椰心叶甲寄主选择间的关系。     

Virtual Screening of Plant Volatile Compounds Reveals a High Affinity of Hylamorpha elegans (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Odorant-Binding Proteins for Sesquiterpenes From Its Native Host

Hylamorpha elegans (Burmeister) is a native Chilean scarab beetle considered to be a relevant agricultural pest to pasture and cereal and small fruit crops. Because of their cryptic habits, control with conventional methods is difficult; therefore, alternative and environmentally friendly control strategies are highly desirable. The study of proteins that participate in the recognition of odorants, such as odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), offers interesting opportunities to identify new compounds with the potential to modify pest behavior and computational screening of compounds, which is commonly used in drug discovery, may help to accelerate the discovery of new semiochemicals. Here, we report the discovery of four OBPs in H. elegans as well as six new volatiles released by its native host Nothofagus obliqua (Mirbel). Molecular docking performed between OBPs and new and previously reported volatiles from N. obliqua revealed the best binding energy values for sesquiterpenic compounds. Despite remarkable divergence at the amino acid level, three of the four OBPs evaluated exhibited the best interaction energy for the same ligands. Molecular dynamics investigation reinforced the importance of sesquiterpenes, showing that hydrophobic residues of the OBPs interacted most frequently with the tested ligands, and binding free energy calculations demonstrated van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions to be the most important. Altogether, the results suggest that sesquiterpenes are interesting candidates for in vitro and in vivo assays to assess their potential application in pest management strategies.     

昆虫视觉在寄主寻找及定位过程中的作用

昆虫与寄主植物相互作用的研究一直是生态学研究的重要问题,在过去的几十年中一直以化学生态学为主导,昆虫视觉在寄主寻找与定位过程中的功能研究很少。随着试验技术与观测手段的不断提高,尤其是昆虫视网膜电位测定技术的发展,为昆虫视觉功能研究提供了新手段和新技术。本文阐述了昆虫视觉的概念与内涵,分析了昆虫视觉的研究现状及目前对昆虫视觉功能的认识误区,总结了昆虫视觉在寄主植物寻找过程中的作用:包括昆虫视觉的光谱学响应,对寄主植物形态刺激、寄主分布及农业景观的反应,并介绍了视网膜电位技术在昆虫视觉功能研究中的应用。本文认为将来的昆虫与植物关系的研究应综合考虑视觉和嗅觉的作用,昆虫视觉功能的研究应与化学信息通讯研究同样受到重视。昆虫视觉在寄主寻找、定位过程中的作用和功能将会成为昆虫-植物关系研究中一个非常具有前景的领域。     

从虫害诱导水稻挥发物中筛选对拟环纹豹蛛有引诱活性的化合物

为明确虫害诱导水稻挥发物中对拟环纹豹蛛Pardosa pseudoannulata有引诱作用的活性组分,选择了10种常见虫害诱导产生的水稻挥发物,测试了拟环纹豹蛛雌、雄成蛛对每种挥发物的嗅觉选择和触角电位反应。嗅觉选择结果表明,虫害诱导产生的水稻挥发物对拟环纹豹蛛雌成蛛的嗅觉选择无诱导作用,但能诱导拟环纹豹蛛雄成蛛的嗅觉选择,其中1μg/μL和1.5μg/μL水杨酸甲酯、0.25μg/μL(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、0.5μg/μL 2-庚酮、0.25μg/μL和1μg/μL芳樟醇对雄成蛛的诱导作用显著;拟环纹豹蛛雄成蛛对1μg/μL水杨酸甲酯、0.25μg/μL(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇、0.5μg/μL 2-庚酮及0.25μg/μL芳樟醇的选择潜伏期两两间差异均不显著。触角电位分析表明,4种挥发物同样能诱导拟环纹豹蛛雌、雄成蛛触肢和第一对步足产生电位反应,水杨酸甲酯和(Z)-3-己烯-1-醇的效果最显著,2-庚酮和芳樟醇稍弱;只有2-庚酮在雌、雄成蛛间差异显著,其它挥发物在雌、雄成蛛间均差异不显著。表明虫害诱导的水稻挥发物能诱导拟环纹豹蛛成蛛产生嗅觉选择和电位反应,不同挥发物可能代表不同的生态学信息,挥发物种类和浓度对雌、雄成蛛的影响存在差异。     

中红侧沟茧蜂非典型气味受体的克隆及组织特异性表达

 【目的】研究中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator非典型气味受体的表达谱。【方法】使用RT-PCR法克隆得到中红侧沟茧蜂非典型气味受体基因序列。使用实时荧光定量PCR法研究其表达谱。【结果】克隆得到中红侧沟茧蜂非典型气味受体全长基因。该基因在触角中特异性表达。在雌虫触角中羽化当天达到最大表达量,雄虫触角中在羽化前d阶段达到最大表达量。【结论】该非典型气味受体在中红侧沟茧蜂触角中特异存在。     

Olfaction alters spatial memory strategy of scatter-hoarding animals

Although it has been suggested that olfaction is closely interconnected with hippocampal systems, whether olfaction regulates spatial memory strategy remains never known. Furthermore, no study has examined how olfaction mediates spatial memory established on the external objects, for example, caches made by scatter-hoarding animals. Here, we experimentally induced nondestructive and reversible olfaction loss of a scatter-hoarding animal Leopoldamys edwardsi, to test whether and how olfaction regulates spatial memory to mediate cache recovery and pilferage. Our results showed that the normal L. edwardsi preferred to pilfer caches of others rather than to recover their own using accurate spatial memory (35.7% vs. 18.6%). Anosmic L. edwardsi preferred to recover the caches they made prior to olfaction loss rather than to pilfer from others relied on spatial memory (54.2% vs. 36.0%). However, L. edwardsi with anosmia showed no preference either to the caches they established after olfaction loss or caches made by others (25.8% vs. 29.1%). These collectively indicate that olfaction loss has a potential to affect new memory formation but not previously established spatial memory on caches. Our study first showed that olfaction modified spatial memory strategy in cache recovery and pilferage behaviors of scatter-hoarding animals. We suggest that future studies pay more attention to the evolution of olfaction and its relationship with spatial memory strategy.     

不同品酒员对几种味觉、嗅觉物质的敏感性分析

通过对不同性别、不同地区品酒员味觉阈值和嗅觉阈值的测定发现:男性对于酸味的敏感程度均高于女性,而对甜味和咸味的敏感程度男女基本相当,对苦味的敏感程度女性均高于男性;女性对乙酸异戊酯、乙醛、乙酸乙酯的嗅觉敏感程度均高于男性,而对异丁醇的敏感程度略低于男性;山东地区的品酒员味觉灵敏度是咸味>酸味>甜味>苦味,西北、华北、东北和其他地区的品酒员味觉灵敏度是酸味>咸味>甜味>苦味;山东、华北地区的品酒员嗅觉灵敏度是乙醛>乙酸乙酯>异丁醇>乙酸异戊酯,西北地区品酒员嗅觉敏感度是异丁醇>乙酸乙酯>乙醛>乙酸异戊酯,东北和其他地区品酒员嗅觉敏感程度是乙醛>乙酸乙酯>乙酸异戊酯>异丁醇。     

Sublethal effects of a carbamate pesticide on pheromonal mediated endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr

The sublethal effect of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran on the priming pheromonal system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated that ovulated female salmon release a priming pheromone in their urine (considered to be an F-type prostaglandin) which is subsequently detected by mature male salmon and results in increased levels of plasma sex steroids and expressible milt. In the present study, electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium of mature male salmon parr indicated that the responses to prostaglandin F₂ (PGF₂) were significantly reduced at nominal concentrations of carbofuran as low as 1.0 µg l^-1, and the threshold of detection was reduced 10-fold. A 5 day exposure to carbofuran significantly reduced the ability of male parr to respond to PGF₂ stimulation. The priming effect of PGF₂ on milt and plasma 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were abolished at water concentrations at and above 2.7 µg l^-1. In addition, the priming effect of PGF₂ on plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations was abolished at water carbofuran concentrations above 6.5 µg l^-1. Exposure to similar concentrations of carbofuran also resulted in a reduction in the levels of free and glucuronidated steroids in the bile of PGF₂ primed male parr. The effect of carbofuran on the priming response did not appear to be due to a direct effect on the testes, since the ability of testes to respond to pituitary extract stimulation in vitro was not impaired in carbofuran-exposed males. Carbofuran appeared to reduce significantly or abolish the priming pheromonal system in mature male parr by directly affecting the ability of the olfactory system to detect PGF₂, although the toxicological mechanism involved is as yet unknown. The results are therefore discussed in relation to the possible sublethal effects of carbofuran on reproduction in the Atlantic salmon.     

3种赤眼蜂对二化螟和稻纵卷叶螟性信息素的嗅觉反应

为明确3种稻田常见赤眼蜂,稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicun Ashmead、螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis Ishii和松毛虫赤眼蜂T.dendrolimi Matsumura对水稻主要鳞翅目害虫二化螟Chilo suppressalis(Walker)和稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)人工合成性信息素的反应,本研究采用Y-型嗅觉仪测定了赤眼蜂对0.01、0.1、1、10、100和1000μg 6种不同剂量性信息素诱芯的嗅觉反应。结果表明,二化螟性信息素对稻螟赤眼蜂雌蜂具有显著的吸引作用,对螟黄赤眼蜂和松毛虫赤眼蜂的吸引作用不明显。而稻纵卷叶螟性信息素对3种赤眼雌蜂仅在特定浓度下具有显著的吸引作用。这说明赤眼蜂可以利用寄主的性信息素对寄主进行定位。利用人工合成性信息素对赤眼蜂吸引力的特性可用以促进非稻田生境中的赤眼蜂向稻田迁移从而提高稻田的生物防治能力。     

Responses of the olfactory receptor neurons of the corn stalk borer Sesamia nonagrioides to components of the pheromone blend and their inhibition by a trifluoromethyl ketone analogue of the main component

Two types of olfactory hairs and three types of olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) have been characterized on the antennae of male Sesamia nonagrioides Lef for the first time. Type A sensilla housed a cell which fired large spikes in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:Ac), the major component of the sex pheromone, and a second cell firing smaller spikes in response to (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:Ald), a minor component of the pheromone blend. Type B sensilla housed one cell firing large spikes to Z11-16:Ac and a cell firing smaller spikes to another minor component of the pheromone blend, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcohol (Z11-16:OH). No cell responding to dodecyl acetate, another minor component of the natural extract, was found. Fluorinated ketones were tested as inhibitors of the cell responses to pheromone compounds. The fluorinated derivatives tested, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-16:TFMK), n-hexadecyl trifluoromethyl ketone (16:TFMK), (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadienyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z9,E11-14:TFMK), 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP), (Z)-11-tetradecenyl trifluoromethyl ketone (Z11-11:TFMK) and 1,1-difluoro-(Z)-11-hexadecenyl methyl ketone (Z11-16:DFMK), had no or only weak excitatory effects. However, the neuron responses to the pheromone compounds were significantly decreased in the presence of a constant stimulation with Z11-16:TFMK and the effect was reversible. The latencies of the responses to the acetate and aldehyde cells were significantly increased. The effects were not specific, since Z11-16:TFMK also inhibited the responses of the ORNs of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. Correspondingly, Z9,E11-14:TFMK, an analogue of the main component of the pheromone of this latter insect, inhibited responses of S nonagrioides ORNs. Implications of these results on the utilization of Z11-16:TFMK as a communication disruptant are discussed.