晚冬早春田间阶段性覆膜增温促进冬小麦产量提高

针对华北平原北部冬春温度变化与冬小麦生长发育所需适宜温度间的矛盾,以及由此造成的冬小麦相对低产问题,于2012-2013和2013-2014连续两个生长季,通过大田试验研究了晚冬早春搭建棚室阶段性升高田间温度对小麦产量的影响。结果表明,2月20日前后麦田塑膜覆盖每提前1周积温提高23.0~49.7℃,1月下旬至3月上旬的整个升温阶段内可增加积温167.7~176.8℃,从而小麦生长发育提前。塑膜揭除后形成的相对低温环境使后续各生育阶段持续时间延长4~10 d。与常规种植（对照）相比,最早增温处理的开花期干物质产量提高18.8%,叶面积指数提高14.7%,花后光合势增加43.6%,花后净光合速率高值持续期延长10 d以上;返青后各生育阶段的延长促进了干物质积累和向籽粒转移,有效穗数增加48~98万hm^-2、单穗粒数增加3.9~4.5粒、千粒重增加2.5~5.6 g。在全生长季积温较少的2012-2013年度,最早增温处理的籽粒产量提高37.5%,在积温较多的2013-2014年度增产18.2%,并提前5 d成熟。晚冬早春农田阶段性覆膜增温是有效提高小麦籽粒产量的新型方法,提前并延长了生长发育和干物质累积的时间是改善小麦产量构成因素和获得高产的原因。     

辽宁省近53年冬季气温变化特征分析

为准确预测辽宁冬季气候,进而达到对冬季设施农业等方面服务的目的,根据辽宁省53个气象观测站1961—2014年逐月的平均气温资料,利用滑动T检验方法、Mann-Kendall检验方法、最大熵谱方法以及Morlet小波分析等方法,分析了1961—2013年辽宁省冬季平均气温的变化特征。结果表明：近53年辽宁省冬季平均气温时间序列呈显著的线性递增趋势,与全球气候变暖趋势相一致。但值得注意的是,近几年辽宁出现了气温偏低的情况;辽宁省冬季平均气温在1985—1986年前后发生了1次明显突变,之前气温以偏低为主,之后开始显著增温。辽宁省冬季平均气温的主要周期为准3~5年周期和17年周期。采用新资料得到的辽宁冬季气温变化特征与采用旧资料的情况略有差异。     

吉林省不同地区亚洲玉米螟发生世代的变化

为明确吉林省不同地区亚洲玉米螟发生世代的变化,对吉林省东部、中部和西部3个生态区28个县(市)的亚洲玉米螟成虫产卵时期、幼虫发育和化蛹等情况进行了系统调查。结果显示,东部生态区大部分地区亚洲玉米螟只有1个落卵高峰期,未发现第1代幼虫化蛹,仍为1代发生区,而在伊通县和集安市有部分幼虫化蛹,已由1代发生区变为1代为主兼1.5代发生区;中部生态区大部分地区有2个落卵高峰期,未发现第2代幼虫化蛹,已由1.5代发生区变为完全2代发生区,而在双辽市和梨树县出现第3代低龄幼虫,已变为2代为主兼2.5代发生区;西部生态区大部分地区有2个落卵高峰期,未发现第2代幼虫化蛹,仍为2代发生区,而在通榆县出现第3代低龄幼虫,已由2代发生区变为2代为主兼2.5代发生区。表明随着全球气候变暖,吉林省亚洲玉米螟的世代发生数有增加的趋势。     

气候变暖对阿勒泰地区春玉米播种期和种植布局的影响

采用阿勒泰地区7个气象站1961—2010年逐日平均气温资料,使用线性趋势分析、累积距平、t检验并基于Kriging插值法,分析近50年日平均气温稳定通过≥10℃的初日、终日、持续日数和积温的时空变化特征,揭示春玉米播种期及种植布局的变化规律。结果表明,阿勒泰地区近50年≥10℃积温呈现初日提前、终日推迟、持续日数延长、积温增加的现象,其倾向率分别为0.3、1.3、1.6 d·10a-1和57.1℃·10a-1,且突变年份均发生在20世纪90年代中期。各县市春玉米播种期提前3~8 d,生长季延长6~11 d。突变前青河东部不能种植春玉米,晚熟品种不能种植或种植风险较大。随着气候不断变暖,春玉米不同熟性品种可种植区逐渐东扩,各县市春玉米在品种熟性上均发生了改变,表现为由不能种植到种植早熟、早熟向中(晚)熟、中晚熟向晚熟品种的变化。     

干旱区规模化植树CO_2减排效果评价方法

通过造林和再造林,增加森林碳汇量是目前公认最经济有效地解决CO2浓度上升的方法之一,人工林的碳汇作用也被认为是减缓全球气候变化的一种可能机制和最有希望的选择。根据国内外植树减排的计算规则,结合干旱区自然环境特征,提出了干旱区规模化植树CO2减排效果的计算方法,对植树减排计算因子的获取方法进行了探讨,指出应从政策、技术、市场等各个方面加强对林业碳汇的系统研究,明确和量化我国干旱区人工林造林再造林对全球气候变暖所作出的贡献。研究可为干旱区林业碳汇项目开发和管理提供方法上的参考依据。     

山西东南部气候变暖背景下的霜冻特征分析

应用山西省东南部11个气象观测站1971-2010年春秋季及年平均气温、初终霜冻日期及无霜期资料,采用数理统计对比法,分析了该地初终霜冻的时域分布特征及成因,气候变暖背景下初终霜冻日期及无霜期的变化特征。结果表明：气温年际变化在1971-1996年属震荡缓慢升温期,1997年开始趋于明显增暖期,气候变暖速率为0．3℃·10a-1;初终霜冻日期的时域分布与特殊的地理环境条件关系密切;在秋季气候变暖前提下,初霜冻出现日期的推后速率为2 d·10a-1,其年际变化趋势表现为正负震荡推后期、偏早期和平稳推后期三个阶段;春季平均气温的增温速率为0．25℃·10a-1,对应终霜冻出现日期呈现为提前趋势,提前速率为4 d·10a-1,年际演变特征可分为偏晚期、偏早期、正负震荡期、偏早期四个阶段;无霜期在气候变暖背景下,年际变化特征可分为延长期、缩短期和平稳延长期三个时期,无霜期的线性变化延长速率为7 d·10a-1。     

Soil organic carbon quality in forested mineral wetlands at different mean annual temperature

Forested mineral soil wetlands (FMSW) store large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), but little is known on: (i) whether the quality of SOC stored in these soils (proportion of active versus more resistant SOC compounds) differs from SOC in upland soils; (ii) how the quality of SOC in FMSW varies with mean annual temperature (MAT); and (iii) whether SOC decomposition rates in these environments respond to warming and drying more strongly than those observed in upland soils. To address this substantial knowledge gap, we identified nine FMSW and fifteen paired upland forest sites across three bioregions in North America (sub-alpine in Colorado; north-temperate in Minnesota; and south-temperate in South Carolina) to test the following three hypotheses. First, FMSW store a higher proportion of active SOC compared with upland systems because long anaerobic periods favor the accumulation of labile substrates. Second, in FMSW, SOC quality decreases from cold to warm bioregions because high quality detritus accumulates preferentially at cool sites where decomposition is slow. Finally, decomposition of SOC in FMSW will respond more strongly to warming under aerobic conditions than SOC from upland forest soils because of higher accumulation of active SOC in FMSW. To test these hypotheses, we incubated FMSW and upland forest soils at two constant temperatures (10 and 30 °C) for 525-d under aerobic conditions and constant moisture. In contrast to our first hypothesis, we observed similarly rapid depletion of active SOC compounds at initial stages of incubation across FMSW and upland sites, and across the 525-d incubations we observed overall lower SOC decomposition rates in our FMSW soils. In line with our second hypothesis, and across FMWS and upland soils, we found greater SOC loss in the sub-alpine bioregion than both temperate regions. In contrast to our last hypothesis, we found no difference in the temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) of SOC decomposition in FMSW and upland forest soils. Critically, total SOC loss (g SOC per g soil) was larger in FMSW because of the large amount of SOC stored in these ecosystems, indicating that despite a lack of difference between FMSW and upland responses, the total release of C from FMSW that could result from global warming may be large.     

Climate and Dirofilaria infection in Europe

Climatic changes, together with an increase in the movement of cats and dogs across Europe, have caused an increase in the geographical range of several vector borne parasites like Dirofilaria, and in the risk of infection for animals and humans. The present paper reviews the effects of climate and other global drivers on Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens infections in Europe and the possible implications on the transmission and control of these mosquito-borne nematodes. In the last several years, growing degree day (GDD)-based forecast models, which use wide or local scale temperature data, have been developed to predict the occurrence and seasonality of Dirofilaria in different parts of the world. All these models are based on the fact that: there is a threshold of 14 °C below which Dirofilaria development will not proceed; and there is a requirement of 130 GDD for larvae to reach infectivity and a maximum life expectancy of 30 days for a vector mosquito. The output of these models predicts that the summer temperatures (with peaks in July) are sufficient to facilitate extrinsic incubation of Dirofilaria even at high latitudes. The global warming projected by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change suggests that warm summers suitable for Dirofilaria transmission in Europe will be the rule in the future decades and if the actual trend of temperature increase continues, filarial infection should spread into previously infection-free areas. These factors not only favour incubation of Dirofilaria, but also impact on mosquito species. Recent findings have also demonstrated that Aedes albopictus is now considered to be an important, competent vector of Dirofilaria infections. This mosquito species could spread from southern to northern European countries in the near future, changing the epidemiological patterns of dirofilariosis both in humans and animals.     

夜间增温与铜污染对麦田土壤无机氮库的影响

基于夜间增温（设增温、常温两个水平）与铜污染 \[设CK（6 mg·kg^-1）、LP(43 mg·kg^-1）、MP（155 mg·kg^-1）、SP（209 mg·kg^-1）4个梯度\] 复合因素的7 a旱地定位试验,结合室内20℃和30℃下恒温培养91 d,分析了麦田土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮含量的变化及其稳定特征。研究结果表明：土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮随着土壤中铜含量的增加均表现为先增后降趋势,夜间增温下CK土壤硝态氮和无机态氮含量分别显著降低10.8%和5.7%,在LP、MP处理下硝态氮含量分别显著下降17.4%、15.2%,但在SP处理下土壤硝态氮、铵态氮分别显著增加6.9%和15.1%,增温与铜含量对土壤无机态氮和硝态氮的影响呈现显著的交互效应。20℃和30℃恒温培养使无机态氮含量增加1.6~4.6倍、铵态氮含量增加5.2~13.3倍,却使硝态氮含量减少40.3%~65.1%,20℃比30℃恒温培养后土壤中有较高的无机态氮、铵态氮含量和铵/硝比。夜间增温使土壤净氮矿化作用、氨化作用的Q₁₀值均有所提高,但硝化作用的Q₁₀值显著降低16.8%,适当的铜含量（LP：43 mg·kg^-1）将加快土壤氮的氨化、矿化和硝化速率。因此,夜间增温提高了旱地麦田土壤氮矿化作用温度敏感性,降低了无机态氮库稳定性,土壤铜污染与土壤氮库转化和增温响应的关系具有浓度效应。     

Biomass burning in Brazil's Amazonian “arc of deforestation”: Burning efficiency and charcoal formation in a fire after mechanized clearing at Feliz Natal, Mato Grosso

Estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from deforestation are highly uncertain because of high variability in key parameters and because of the limited number of studies providing field measurements of these parameters. One such parameter is burning efficiency, which determines how much of the original forest's aboveground carbon stock will be released in the burn, as well as how much will later be released by decay and how much will remain as charcoal. In this paper we examined the fate of biomass from a semideciduous tropical forest in the “arc of deforestation,” where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern edge of the Amazon forest. We estimated carbon content, charcoal formation and burning efficiency by direct measurements (cutting and weighing) and by line-intersect sampling (LIS) done along the axis of each plot before and after burning of felled vegetation. The total aboveground dry biomass found here (219.3 Mg ha⁻¹) is lower than the values found in studies that have been done in other parts of the Amazon region. Values for burning efficiency (65%) and charcoal formation (6.0%, or 5.98 Mg C ha⁻¹) were much higher than those found in past studies in tropical areas. The percentage of trunk biomass lost in burning (49%) was substantially higher than has been found in previous studies. This difference may be explained by the concentration of more stems in the smaller diameter classes and the low humidity of the fuel (the dry season was unusually long in 2007, the year of the burn). This study provides the first measurements of forest burning parameters for a group of forest types that is now undergoing rapid deforestation. The burning parameters estimated here indicate substantially higher burning efficiency than has been found in other Amazonian forest types. Quantification of burning efficiency is critical to estimates of trace-gas emissions from deforestation.