Synthetic tetramer of a Phytophthora sojae-inducible fragment from soybean GmaSKTI36 promoter improves its pathogen induction activities

Using pathogen-induced promoters to control expression of the functional genes in transgenic plants may greatly increase the chances of boosting disease resistance. However, the number of the inducible promoters is limited. Here, we found that soybean GmaSKTI36 gene is strongly induced upon Phytophthora sojae infection. Functional analysis showed that its promoter could mediate rapid and strong induction of GUS expression upon pathogen infection in both Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots. Then, a 122 bp fragment that was critical to the activity was successfully identified by a progressive 5′ deletion analysis. Importantly, we found that a synthetic promoter by tetramerizing this fragment could confer strong P. sojae induction activities. Overall, the results suggested that the GmaSKTI36 promoter, the 122 bp fragment, and the synthetic promoter are potentially useful pathogen-inducible promoters.     

棉籽油制备生物柴油的生物降解性能

以棉籽油甲酯、乙酯生物柴油及其与石化柴油形成的调和油为研究对象,采用改进的Sturm试验方法,考察了生物柴油及其调和油的生物降解特点。研究表明：在有氧的水环境中生物降解28 d,棉籽乙酯生物柴油与甲酯生物柴油生物降解率分别达99.7%和99.1%;对甲酯生物柴油而言,生物柴油体积分数为50%和20%的调和油的28 d生物降解率分别为93.8%和80.8%,而乙酯生物柴油体积分数为50%和20%的调和油的28 d生物降解率分别95.7%和81.9%,但在相同条件下,0#柴油生物降解率仅49.9%;生物柴油在调和油中体积比越大,调和油的生物降解速度越快,生物柴油对石化柴油的生物降解具有促进作用。该文对认识棉籽油生物柴油在环境中的消解规律,控制环境污染具有一定的意义。     

大豆亲脂蛋白-甲基纤维素W/O/W乳液稳定性研究

采用大豆亲脂蛋白（Soybean lipophilic protein, LP）和甲基纤维素（Methyl cellulose, MC）的复合物作为亲水性乳化剂形成W/O/W乳液外水相,以聚蓖麻酸甘油酯（Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, PGPR）为亲脂性乳化剂,橄榄油为油相,并以维生素B₁₂为指示剂,按两步法制备W/O/W型双层乳液。通过对微观结构、储藏稳定性、粒径、电位、乳液粘弹性等指标的测定,探究不同外水相比例及复合物中LP与MC的不同比例对W/O/W乳液稳定性的影响。实验结果表明：当LP与MC质量比为3∶1,外水相质量分数为70%时,W/O/W乳液液滴间的作用力最强、粒径最小、Zeta-电位绝对值最大、对活性物质的保护作用最强、28 d储藏稳定性指数较高,流变学性质较好。     

金合欢基溴合成角鲨烯反应及异构体形成机理的研究

通过自制高效偶联试剂三三苯基膦氯化亚钴和自制金合欢基溴的还原偶联反应,成功地合成了角鲨烯。初步探索了主要反应条件如反应时间等对偶联反应中产物角鲨烯得率的影响。结果表明,在常温、偶联试剂过量10％、反应4h及充分搅拌的条件下,角鲨烯得率45．6％。用GC和GC-MS分析了合成产物角鲨烯,探讨了角鲨烯6个异构体的形成机理和可能的化学结构以及在GC图谱中的出峰顺序。另外,还探讨了合成三三苯基膦氯化亚钴中硼氢化钠滴加速度和搅拌速率对反应的影响。     

Ligands of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as insecticides

Insect nicotinic acetyl receptors (nAChR) are targets of growing importance and, since the early 1990s, the number of such highly effective insecticides as imidacloprid and spinosyn has grown. Several natural compounds, eg dihydro-β-erythroidine, methyl caconitine and paraherquamide, showing high affinity to the same receptor, were considerably less active as insecticides, most likely because of their antagonistic action. Our observations on aphids after ingestion of the antagonistic compound dihydro-β-erythroidine revealed anti-feedant-like properties. As a consequence, the symptomology of poisoning was totally different between agonists and antagonists of the nAChR. Electrophysiological (whole-cell voltage clamp) measurements in isolated housefly neurones revealed that agonism seems to be a prerequisite for insecticidal activity. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate the existence of two different subtypes of the nAChR in isolated locust neurones with different pharmacology and ion-channel properties.     

Degradation Studies of the Non-lethal Bird Repellent,Methyl Anthranilate

Methyl anthranilate (MA), a food grade flavor and fragrance additive, has been reported to be an effective non-lethal bird repellent in a variety of situations. Despite the experimental success of MA, field studies have yielded widely differing levels of efficacy. Diminished efficacy in some field trials probably results from the failure of specific formulations to retain or protect the active ingredient under natural conditions. Therefore, a clearer understanding of the physical and chemical factors affecting the stability of MA is needed. We undertook a series of laboratory studies on hydrolysis, photolysis and microbial degradation of MA, the results of which could be useful in the development of appropriate formulation strategies and residue analyses. We found the n-octanol:water partition coefficient, (P) to be 84. MA is not subject to hydrolysis at 25°C in phosphate buffer media at pH 5·0, 7·0 and 9·0. MA slowly photodegrades under simulated UV ‘sunlight’. Forty-four percent of MA is lost after 432 h illuminance at 1·25 mW cm⁻², which is equivalent to approximately 1200 h natural sunlight (40°N, noontime, June). Kinetic data indicate that the initial step of photolysis, subsequent to excitation, is a second-order reaction with respect to MA. A major photodegradation product appeared in an amount of about 10% of the mass balance and was determined to be an oxidized trimer of MA. MA is primarily affected by aerobic microbial degradation. For a 12:12 h light:dark, under laboratory illumination, 12% of water-solubilized material can be lost in the first seven days. Losses were 30% and 42% at 16 and 27 days, respectively. Under conditions of optimal bacterial growth (warmth and darkness) loss of MA was 22% at nine days and 100% by 20 days. The susceptibility of MA to microbial degradation is promising for the prospects of developing formulated, environmentally safe, bird repellents.     

Exposure of four Filipino farmers to parathion-methyl while spraying string beans

Filipino farmers resist wearing protective garments while spraying, preferring to wear long-sleeved cotton polyester shirts and short or long trousers. The exposure of farmers while wearing this attire and spraying was assessed to determine what degree of protection it afforded farmers under tropical conditions. Absorbent pads were placed on the outer and inner wear on various body parts. Applicators sprayed parathion-methyl on fruiting string beans at the recommended rate and residues were analyzed by gas chromatography. Each farmer had a characteristic spraying pattern which resulted in peculiar residue levels in some body parts. Inner exposure did not exceed the tolerable dermal exposure level during warm days while using proper spraying techniques. The use of long-sleeved cotton polyester shirt and thick polyester trousers provides, to a certain degree, protection for farmers during warm days. A change of clothing would be a more acceptable measure for farmers than wearing uncomfortable and impractical protective garments. The following spraying techniques reduced farmer exposure: fully outstretched arm, minimal body twisting and smooth hand movements. The use of thick polyester long trousers, gloves or a suitable substitute and the removal of weeds within the crop area also reduce farmer exposure to insecticides. Re-designing the bottle to include a plastic lip, in order to avoid spillage, is also recommended to reduce exposure during the critical mixing stage. Laundering the shirt immediately after use removes a significant amount of residues (96–97%) and contributes towards the protection of farm workers. These recommendations should provide useful data for incorporation in farmer-training programes on the proper use of pesticides.     

马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸微波萃取工艺参数优化及应用

为了优化马铃薯生全粉不饱和脂肪酸的微波萃取工艺,该试验采用软件Design-Expert 8.05分析以及响应面法来优化马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸微波萃取工艺,得出马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸的萃取模型P=0.000 10.01,R2=0.939 8,并确定马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸最佳萃取工艺:萃取温度81℃,萃取时间11 min,萃取溶剂中丙酮占比0.802 5,料液比3.25∶1,各因素对不饱和脂肪酸质量分数影响大小分别为:丙酮占比料液比萃取温度萃取时间,实测不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为1.081 mg/g和拟合方程的预测值1.084 mg/g基本一致。将该优化方案应用于热风干燥温度对马铃薯生全粉中不饱和脂肪酸含量影响的分析中,结果表明:随着干燥温度的升高,亚油酸质量分数显著增加(P0.05),总不饱和脂肪酸质量分数增加(P0.05)。优化试验为热风干燥条件对马铃薯品质影响的研究提供了理论依据。     

不同年限设施菜地番茄细胞壁果胶Cd累积的研究

为探讨不同种植年限和设施菜地番茄细胞壁果胶Cd累积的关系,以种植年限为2年和14年设施菜地番茄为研究对象,测定了不同种植年限下番茄茎、叶细胞壁果胶含量,并对细胞壁果胶含量、果胶甲酯酶(PME)活性与种植年限及Cd累积量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,随着种植年限的增加,番茄植株各器官Cd累积量均有所增加;种植14年设施菜地番茄茎中Cd累积量比种植2年的增加了24.55%,叶片中Cd累积量增加了45.96%;种植14年设施菜地番茄茎细胞壁Cd累积量增加了61.86%,叶片细胞壁Cd累积量增加了57.46%;不同种植年限设施菜地番茄茎和叶细胞壁果胶Cd含量也存在极显著差异(P0.05)。另外,随着种植年限的增加,番茄茎、叶细胞壁果胶含量和PME活性随之升高:与种植2年相比,种植14年设施菜地番茄茎中果胶含量提高了104.51%,叶片果胶含量提高了127.45%;种植14年设施菜地番茄茎中PME活性提高了10.56%,叶片PME活性提高了9.39%。果胶含量及PME活性和细胞壁Cd累积量呈正相关。研究发现不同年限设施菜地土壤全Cd和有效Cd含量有所不同,影响着番茄不同器官果胶含量及PME活性,说明细胞壁果胶在缓解番茄Cd毒害中起着一定的作用。     

外源MeJA诱导玉米抗性对亚洲玉米螟生物学特性的影响

为明确茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)诱导玉米幼苗产生抗性对亚洲玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)生物学特性的影响,测定了玉米幼苗在4种浓度的外源MeJA处理后对亚洲玉米螟幼虫生长发育和成虫繁殖情况,并利用生命表方法研究了饲喂MeJA处理后的玉米幼苗对次代亚洲玉米螟实验种群的影响。结果表明：取食外源MeJA诱导的玉米幼苗后,亚洲玉米螟幼虫死亡率增加,发育历期延长,成虫寿命缩短、产卵量下降,除了100 μmol/L MeJA处理组蛹重高于对照外,其他处理亚洲玉米螟体重与蛹重均降低,影响程度与MeJA的浓度有关。225 μmol/L MeJA诱导处理后的玉米幼苗对亚洲玉米螟生长发育影响最大,与对照组相比,幼虫历期长了5.41天,成虫寿命减少1.33天,产卵量减少3.6头。MeJA的诱导抗性显著影响了亚洲玉米螟幼虫对玉米幼苗的取食,100 μmol/L和225 μmol/L MeJA处理组与对照组虫体体重相差3.29~6.86 mg,达到统计学差异,生长抑制率达28.34%~59.09%。对次代种群的影响表现在净生殖率(R0)、周限增长率(λ)降低,内禀增长率(rm)由0.0725降至0.0502,平均世代周期(T)和种群加倍时间(Dt)较对照显著延长。这些结果表明MeJA处理玉米幼苗能够降低亚洲玉米螟的发育速率,这将对亚洲玉米螟的综合防治具有重要的指导意义。