木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及枯萎病防效的影响

采用3株对黄瓜枯萎病菌有较好拮抗作用的木霉,棘孢木霉Trichoderma asperellum 525、哈茨木霉T.harzianum 610和拟康氏木霉T.pseudokoningii 886,研究木霉不同施用方式对黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化作用、保护性酶活性及防治枯萎病效果的影响。结果显示,所有木霉处理均能够提高黄瓜幼苗的株高和茎粗,增加幼苗地上部和地下部鲜重,对黄瓜枯萎病的防效均达到64%以上。播种后8~14 d,各处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片质膜透性和丙二醛(MDA)含量不同程度下降,保护性酶活性不同程度的提高,其中以先接种拟康氏木霉886,2 d后接种病原菌的T886-F处理的提高程度最显著。播种后14 d,该处理的叶片质膜透性和MDA含量比只接种病原菌的F处理分别下降了37.02%和14.80%,同时,叶片的SOD、POD、CAT、PPO活性分别比F增加了46.82%、34.93%、18.75%和11.63%。以上结果说明,本研究的3株木霉均能通过改善黄瓜幼苗叶片膜脂过氧化能力,增加保护酶活性,促进幼苗生长,防治黄瓜枯萎病。在实际应用中,提前施入木霉菌剂,有利于促进黄瓜的生长、提高幼苗抗病性、提高病害防治效果。本研究结果为木霉菌剂的高效使用、保障黄瓜安全生产提供指导。     

油莎豆对自然盐碱胁迫的生长及生理响应

探究油莎豆在不同浓度自然盐碱胁迫下的生长及生理响应,揭示油莎豆在盐碱胁迫的耐盐碱机制与能力。本试验以‘中油莎1号’品种为供试材料,通过采集自然盐碱土和农田土,分别按0%、25%、50%、75%、100%的盐碱土比例进行胁迫,观测油莎豆的生长发育、渗透调节物质、丙二醛及保护酶活性等生理代谢指标。结果表明：随着盐碱胁迫强度的增大,油莎豆叶绿素合成受阻,其株高、分蘖数、结豆数、总粒重及生物量均显著下降;脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛含量均呈上升趋势,且在75%盐碱土比例下均显著上升;SOD活性呈先上升,在50%盐碱土处理下达到最大后下降。油莎豆在自然盐碱胁迫下生长受到抑制,出苗和分蘖期均显著延后,随盐碱胁迫程度的升高细胞膜脂过氧化逐渐加重,而油莎豆可通过提高体内SOD活性来缓解盐害,同时盐碱胁迫下油莎豆可通过调节脯氨酸与可溶性糖的积累,从而增强植株从环境中的保水能力,以提高植株对盐碱胁迫的适应能力。     

干旱胁迫下外源喷施ABA对地被菊生理特性的影响

为探讨外源ABA的化学调控作用,研究了干旱胁迫条件下喷施不同浓度外源激素脱落酸(ABA)对地被菊幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明:喷施ABA后,地被菊幼苗蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)明显下降。外源ABA延缓了叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量的下降,提高丙二醛和可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的水平,提高了植物的抗旱能力。浓度为100mg·L-1 ABA的处理效果最佳。     

发芽绿豆苗的生理指标和抗氧化特性对邻苯二甲酸酯的响应特征

Single phytotoxicity of two representative phthalate esters （PAEs）, di-n-butyl phthalate （DnBP） and bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）, was tested in mung bean （Vigna radiata） seedlings germinated for 72 h in soils spiked with varying concentrations （0-500 mg kg-1 soil） of DnBP or DEHP. PAEs added at up to 500 mg kg-1 soil exerted no significant effect on germination but both pollutants significantly inhibited root elongation （P 〈 0.01）; DEHP inhibited shoot elongation （P 〈 0.01） and DnBP depressed biomass on a fresh weight basis （P 〈 0.05）. Seedling shoot and root malondialdehyde （MDA） Contents tended to be stimulated by DnBP but inhibited by DEHP. However, increases in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, as well as glutathione （GSH） content, were induced at higher concentrations （e.g., 20 mg kg-1） of both compounds. Accumulation of proline in both roots and shoots and the storage compounds, such as free amino acids and total soluble sugars, in whole plant was induced under the stress exerted by both PAEs. The general responses of mung bean seedlings indicated higher toxicity of DnBP than DEHP on primary growth, during which root elongation was a more responsive index. MDA and GSH were more sensitive parameters in the roots than in the shoots and they might be recommended as physiologically sensitive parameters to assess the toxicity of PAE compounds in soils in future long-term studies.     

与水稻耐逆性相关的叶片丙二醛含量的QTL分析

丙二醛（MDA)是膜脂过氧化的终产物,其含量可用来反映植物对逆境条件的反应强弱。利用由247个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系（RIL）群体及其分子标记连锁图谱,检测了控制水稻丙二醛（MDA）含量的数量性状基因座位（QTL）。所测性状在RIL群体中出现超亲分离。在第1染色体的RG532-RG811和RG381-RG236标记区间,共检测到2个控制水稻叶片MDA含量的QTL,加性效应分别来自母本珍汕97B和父本密阳46,贡献率分别为4.33%和462%。     

干旱胁迫下苎麻种质的生理生化特性研究

通过旱池试验研究朝野胁迫下三种不同根型苎麻品种和不同生长期苎麻的生理生化指标变化,探讨苎麻抗旱性与这些指标的关系。干旱胁迫使苎麻叶片含水量、自由水／束缚水比值、净光合强度及硝酸还原酶活性下降,但抗旱性品种下降较少;而Ｋ＾＋、可溶性糖、脯氨酸、丙二醛浓度及原生质膜相对透性（ＲＰＰ）、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性增大。同不抗旱性品种比较,抗旱品种Ｋ＾＋浓度增幅较大,而脯氨酸、丙二醛含量及ＲＰＰ     

Oxidative stress indicators as selection tools for salt tolerance

Oxidative stress indicators, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll retention, were tested as tools for salt‐tolerance screening in Chloris gayana (Kunth), a forage grass exhibiting inter‐ and intra‐cultivar variability in the response to salt stress. Three types of experimental system were compared, salt shock, gradual salt treatment and leaf segments floated on control and saline solutions. Results followed the same trend in the three systems, but leaf segments or gradually salinized plants are the most convenient. Lower mean MDA and higher mean chlorophyll content were found under salinity in cv. ‘Katambora’, which is considered, from previous field trials, to be more salt tolerant than cv. ‘Boma’. Nevertheless, chlorophyll content did not give consistent results in other tests and it is not recommended for selection purposes. Within cv. ‘Boma’, clones rating higher in a salt tolerance evaluation under greenhouse conditions had lower MDA content under salinity and lower mean MDA ratios between salt‐treated and control samples. The survival of 80‘Boma’ plants under increasing NaCl concentration was assessed and MDA was measured in the leaves of very plant before the final NaCl level was reached, to assess whether it was predictive of survival capability. MDA values were significantly lower in the group surviving longer, thus, a selection based on low MDA values would have enriched the original population with more tolerant individuals.     

甜菜幼苗对干旱胁迫的适应机制

为了研究甜菜幼苗在干旱逆境耐受过程中的应答机制,本研究以‘780016B/12优’为目的材料,通过设置不同浓度（3%、6%,9%以及15%）的PEG6000干旱胁迫来处理甜菜幼苗,并进行恢复生长,来衡量不同干旱胁迫处理间甜菜的相关生理生化指标和目的基因的表达量变化。研究结果表明,逆境胁迫24 h后,随着干旱强度的增加,甜菜幼苗植株的皱缩和萎蔫程度也逐渐严重,并伴随着叶片相对含水量(3.48%~15.86%)以及叶绿素含量(5.60~13.06)的下降;而体内的丙二醛和脯氨酸却大量累积,其中以15% PEG增加的尤为明显,分别高达48.23 μmol/L和201.37 μmol/L左右。逆境恢复后,3% PEG处理的甜菜幼苗的相对含水量(96.94%)、丙二醛含量(17.22 μmol/L)以及植株形态基本恢复到了正常水平;而高浓度PEG胁迫复性后,9% PEG处理的植株的相对含水量虽然恢复了8.48%左右,但丙二醛含量仍旧相对含量高达36.46 μmol/L;而脯氨酸在各组处理中,一直维持在较高水平。qPCR分析表明,干旱胁迫诱导BvGS基因受到了不同程度的诱导表达,分别是处理前的3.85、4.45、5.81、8.20倍左右,即使恢复生长,植株中该基因的表达量虽然有所下降,但仍旧维持在较高水平。因此,可以推测,甜菜幼苗通过调整细胞水势、氧化还原水平、光合作用以及渗透代谢平衡来适应干旱胁迫所带来的失水和质膜过氧化等不良反应,并有可能通过谷胱甘肽的合成来解毒由干旱逆境所带来的氧化伤害。     

Excess dietary tryptophan mitigates aflatoxicosis in growing quails

A biological assay was carried out to evaluate the impact of dietary tryptophan (TRP) in aflatoxin B₁‐contaminated diets (AFB₁‐D) on performance, blood parameters, immunity, meat quality and microbial populations of intestine in Japanese quails. Six experimental diets were formulated to include two levels of dietary TRP; 2.9 (moderate high: MH‐TRP) and 4.9 g/kg (excess: Ex‐TRP); and three levels of AFB₁ (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mg/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to the one of the six groups of birds from 7 to 35 days of age in a completely randomized design with 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Decrease in feed intake, body weight gain and gain:feed in birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB₁‐D was restored to the control level by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet. The hepatic enzymes in blood were elevated in quails fed on AFB₁‐D but attenuated by 4.9 g TRP/kg of the diet (Ex‐TRP; p ≤ .01). High serum uric acid in birds challenged with AFB₁ significantly decreased by Ex‐TRP (p ≤ .01). The skin thickness to 2,4‐dinitro‐1‐chlorobenzene challenge suppressed by AFB₁ but increased by Ex‐TRP diet (p ≤ .02). The AFB₁ increased the malondialdehyde in meat, whereas TRP efficiently diminished malondialdehyde production (p ≤ .01). The greatest drip loss and pH in meat were observed in the birds fed 5.0 mg/kg AFB₁‐D but Ex‐TRP augmented the adverse effects of AFB₁ (p ≤ .01). The Ex‐TRP reduced the total microbial and Escherichia coli counts (p ≤ .01). The adverse effect of AFB₁ on ileal Lactic acid bacteria was completely prevented by Ex‐TRP (p ≤ .03). This study showed that tryptophan supplementation could be considered as a powerful nutritional tool to ameliorate the adverse effects of AFB₁ in growing quails.     

干旱胁迫下葡萄根系的生理生化变化与抗旱性的关系

以盆栽不同抗旱类型葡萄品种为试材,研究了干旱胁迫下,葡萄根系的生理生化变化。结果表明:葡萄根系的生理生化指标与抗旱性有密切的相关性。葡萄根系的相对电导率值,随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增大,抗旱性强的品种其膜结构破坏相对要轻,其相对电导率变化小,因此其相对电导率值维持较低的水平;随干旱胁迫加强,不同葡萄品种根系组织中游离脯氨酸含量的变化呈现上升趋势,抗旱的葡萄品种,其游离脯氨酸含量变化明显大于不抗旱品种;干旱胁迫下,葡萄根系丙二醛含量增加,抗旱性弱品种增幅大,抗旱性强的品种增幅小;随着干旱胁迫程度的加强,过氧化物酶活性变化,表现为先上升后下降趋势,抗旱性强的葡萄品种,其根系过氧化物酶活性维持在较高的水平。