不同药剂处理对猕猴桃根结线虫的防治效果

为了筛选出能够有效防治猕猴桃根结线虫的药剂。采用田间药剂施用筛选的方法,研究了12.5%阿维·噻唑膦EC等7种药剂对猕猴桃根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明供试的不同药剂对猕猴桃根结线虫均有一定的防效,能控制土壤中2龄幼虫的数量和抑制根结的形成,其中12.5%阿维·噻唑膦EC防治效果最好,药后45 d、180 d对根结线虫和二龄若虫的防治效果分别为78.40%、69.90%和83.83%、80.26%;10%噻唑膦GR与5%阿维菌素GR防效较好;2亿/毫升淡紫拟青霉+生物菌培养基B++(微生物肥)防效较差。12.5%阿维·噻唑膦EC、10%噻唑膦GR和5%阿维菌素GR可作为猕猴桃根结线虫防治的首选药剂。     

处理下彩叶草体内元素含量分布及相关性分析

以彩叶草为试材,采用盆栽试验研究了不同浓度Se(0、0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mg·L^-1)处理下彩叶草各器官中矿质元素(K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu和Zn)和重金属元素(Cr、Cd、As、Pb和Se)含量分布及其相关性。结果表明:Se处理明显改变了根茎叶中矿质元素和重金属的含量及其在植物体内的分布,K和Ca总量在各器官中的顺序是茎>叶>根,Fe和Mn为根>叶>茎,Zn为叶>茎>根;低浓度Se(≤0.5 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg总量在各器官中的顺序分别是根>茎>叶和叶>根>茎;高浓度Se(≥1.0 mg·kg^-1)处理,Na和Mg元素的顺序则分别为茎>根>叶和叶>茎>根。重金属元素Cr和Cd总量在各器官中的顺序是根>茎>叶;Pb总量在各器官中的顺序是根>叶>茎。相关性分析表明:(1)彩叶草根中Se含量与As、Pb含量呈显著正相关(P <0.05或0.01),与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中呈正相关与负相关元素个数相当且基本呈一个复杂的网状结构;(2)茎中Se含量与K、Ca、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、As、Pb含量的相关性未达到显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单网状结构;(3)叶中Se含量与Ca含量呈显著负相关(P <0.05),与K、Na、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的相关性未达显著水平,13种元素中正相关元素个数多于负相关元素个数且呈2个简单直线结构。     

激素处理对杜鹃花自交与杂交种子萌发的影响

杜鹃花种子细小且发芽率低,为探索有效促进种子萌发的方法,选用杜鹃花主栽品种春鹃紫蝴蝶自交种子为材料,通过蒸馏水浸种、GA₃浸种和无菌播种添加NAA、KT、ZT及GA₃的处理方式,比较不同处理对杜鹃花自交种子萌发时间、发芽率等指标的影响。结果表明,蒸馏水浸种处理以24 h浸种的效果最佳,发芽率达43%;无菌播种结合2.0 mg·L^-1 GA₃+0.05 mg·L^-1 NAA处理的效果最佳,发芽率达75%;GA₃浸种以1 600 mg·L^-1 GA₃处理24 h的效果最佳,发芽率可达82%,是对照组的1.82倍。以GA₃浸种法处理杜鹃花2个杂交组合的杂交种子,发现其各项发芽指标均优于对照,其中29号杂交种子的最适GA₃处理为1 200 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率达96%;59号杂交种子最适GA₃处理为1 600 mg·L^-1浸种24 h,发芽率可达95%,二者发芽率分别比对照提高20%和71%,萌发时间分别提早2和8 d。因此,适宜浓度尤其是高浓度GA₃浸种处理能有效促进杜鹃花自交和杂交种子的萌发。     

"920"处理对水稻eA系种子耐贮藏性研究

用不同尝试的“920”对含euil基因的水稻长穗颈不育系（eA系）与不含该基因的不育系（A系）进行处理,收获种子储藏6个月、9个月和12个月后分别测试发芽率的发芽势。结果表明,无论eA系和A系,其种子储藏时间不超过9个月时,发芽率、发芽势不发生显著变化;储藏时间达1a(12个月）时,个别浓度处理间或材料间开始出现显著差异。但喷施“920”不会eA系种子发芽率和发芽势,个别浓度处理还有提高发芽率和发芽势的趋势。     

Assessing soil erosion after fire and rehabilitation treatments in NW Spain: Performance of rusle and revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney models

Although the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) are well‐known models, not much information is available as regards their suitability in predicting post‐fire soil erosion in forest soils. The lack of information is even more pronounced as regards post‐fire rehabilitation treatments. This study compared the soil erosion predicted by the RUSLE and the revised MMF model with the observed values of soil losses, for the first year following fire, in two burned areas in NW of Spain with different levels of fire severity. The applicability of both models to estimate soil losses after three rehabilitation treatments applied in a severely burned area was also tested. The MMF model presented reasonable accuracy in the predictions while the RUSLE clearly overestimated the observed erosion rates. When the R and C factors obtained by the RUSLE formulation were multiplied by 0·7 and 0.865, respectively, the efficiency of the equation improved. Both models showed their capability to be used as operational tools to help managers to determine action priorities in areas of high risk of degradation by erosion after fire. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact of three silvicultural treatments on growth,light-energy processing,and related needle-level adaptive traits of Pinus strobus from two regions

Our goal was to quantify and compare the impact of three silvicultural treatments (STs) on growth, light-energy processing, and needle-level morphological adaptive traits for eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) from large, central Ontario (ON) and small, isolated Newfoundland (NL) populations. The interest in STs is to reduce weevil (Pissodes strobi) incidence; however, there are potential adaptive changes and productivity trade-offs. The light levels for the STs were, on average, 100%, 42.0%, and 20.4% transmittance for the full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively. After 8 years, overall height growth was 4.10, 3.25, and 1.70 m for full-sun, and intermediate- and high-shade STs, respectively (P < 0.001). Across all STs, ON populations had greater total height (14%), basal diameter (12%), current leader length (25%), and tree volume (49%) than NL populations (all P < 0.001). At low light levels (10 and 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹), high-shade ST trees had higher photochemical quenching (qP) and lower chlorophyll fluorescence (F_pc) compared with intermediate-shade and full-sun STs. At 100 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and beyond, full-sun ST trees had higher qP and lower F_pc than intermediate- and high-shade STs. Average total chlorophyll concentration (CHL) and content (CHLC), and carotenoid concentration (CAR), increased in response to the intermediate-shade ST but did not respond further, or decreased in the high-shade ST. Region was significant for CHL, CAR, chlorophyll a:b and CHL:CAR ratios and CHLC, with ON greater than NL, but was reversed for CHL:CAR ratio. Tree height and volume showed a curvilinear and linear relationship to light level, respectively. Tree height showed a positive linear relationship to qP, apparent photosynthesis, chlorophyll a:b ratio, and needle N (all P < 0.001). Tree height showed a negative linear relationship to F_pc, CHL:CAR ratio, specific needle area, C:N ratio, and needle area N⁻¹ (all P < 0.001). There were modest trade-offs between weevil protection and productivity in the intermediate ST due to the compensatory physiological and morphological adaptations to the limiting light, however, the trade-off with growth at the high-shade level was severe. For NL, consideration should now be given to the introduction and mixing of seed from local seed sources with more southern mainland seed sources, which would decrease the inbreeding effect and provide wider variation for natural selection for a more fit future population.     

Silvicultural treatments enhance growth rates of future crop trees in a tropical dry forest

Silvicultural treatments are often needed in selectively logged tropical forest to enhance the growth rates of many commercial tree species and, consequently, for recovering a larger proportion of the initial volume harvested over the next cutting cycle. The available data in the literature suggest, however, that the effect of silvicultural treatments on tree growth is smaller in dry forests than in humid forest tree species. In this study, we analyze the effect of logging and application of additional silvicultural treatments (liana cutting and girdling of competing trees) on the growth rates of future crop trees (FCTs; i.e., trees of current and potentially commercial timber species with adequate form and apparent growth potential). The study was carried out in a tropical dry forest in Bolivia where a set of 21.25-ha plots were monitored for 4 years post-logging. Plots received one of four treatments that varied in intensity of both logging and silvicultural treatments as follows: normal (reduced-impact) logging; normal logging and low-intensity silviculture; increased logging intensity and high-intensity silviculture; and, unlogged controls. The silvicultural treatments applied to FCTs involved liberation from lianas and overtopping trees. Results showed that rates of FCT stem diameter growth increased with light availability, logging intensity, and intensity of silvicultural treatments, and decrease with liana infestation degree. Growth rate increment was larger in the light and intensive silvicultural treatment (22–27%). Long-lived pioneer species showed the strongest response to intensive silviculture (50% increase) followed by total shade-tolerant species (24%) and partial shade-tolerant species (10%). While reduced-impact logging is often not sufficient to guarantee the sustainability of timber yields, application of silvicultural treatments that substantially enhanced the growth rates of FCTs will help move the management of these forests closer to the goal of sustained yield.     

不同施肥处理对黑土腐殖质组成的影响

以中国科学院海伦生态试验站为平台,利用小区长期定位试验研究了不同施肥处理在相同气候条件、轮作制度及相同管理措施下对黑土有机质积累及土壤腐殖质组分动态变化的影响.结果表明:有机肥与化肥配合施用不仅显著提高土壤中有机碳及胡敏酸的含量,而且能提高胡敏酸/富里酸(H_A/F_A)比值,促进土壤有机碳活化与更新,改善腐殖质的品质.施用化肥虽然也能在一定程度上提高土壤有机碳、胡敏酸等的含量,但其培肥效果明显低于有机肥与化肥配合施用.     

草本缓冲带优化配置对氮磷的去除效果

利用自行设计的小型试验装置模拟缓冲带,选择东北地区草木犀、白三叶、马唐、夏枯草4种常见植物,通过人工配水模拟农田径流水,采用草种不同栽种方式及草皮与其他生物处理方式相结合的方法,开展缓冲带对污染物的净化效果试验研究。结果表明,在渗流中,草种不同栽种方式和草皮与其他生物处理方式结合的缓冲带,3种混栽方式的NH4+—N、全P的去除效果最高分别为59.80%、56.81%。在径流中,草种不同栽种方式中3种混栽方式的NH4+—N、全P的去除效果最高分别为23.30%、22.30%;草皮与其他生物处理方式结合缓冲带,3种混栽+小沟对全P去除效果最高达27.4%,3种混栽+人工浮床对NH4+—N去除效果最高,达30.1%。在本试验条件下,3种混栽方式对渗流的净化效果较好,而草皮与其他生物处理方式结合的缓冲带对径流有较好的净化效果。     

不同施氮对冬青稞幼苗光合色素·生物量及产量的影响

[目的]探讨不同施氮对冬青稞幼苗光合色素、生物量及产量的影响,为西藏河谷农业区青稞苗期抗旱及壮苗培育提供依据。[方法]以冬青稞果洛为材料,测定了不同施氮（0、90、180和360 kg/hm2,以纯氮用量计）处理下其幼苗期的光合色素含量、生物量和产量,研究了其氮素调控效应。[结果]在测定期间,叶片叶绿素（Chl）、叶绿素a（Chla）、叶绿素b（Chlb）含量呈先降低后上升趋势,类胡萝卜素（Car）含量和生物量呈逐渐增加趋势;叶绿素a/b呈先上升后降低趋势。氮肥对叶片的光合色素、生物量和产量有一定的调控效应,3月14日Car含量随施氮量的增加而减少,而Chl、Chla、Chlb规律不明显;3月14日以后Chl、Chla、Chlb、Car含量和生物量（含3月14日）以及籽粒单产和千粒重均随施氮量的增加呈增加趋势,并均以180 kg/hm2氮处理最大。[结论]在冬春干旱的林芝地区,适宜的施氮量（180 kg/hm2）改善了青稞的光合色素性状,提高了清除活性氧的能力,从而有助于培育壮苗和籽粒产量的提高。