地源热泵技术在中国温室设施中的应用探讨

当前在中国温室设施中应用和推广地源热泵技术尚存在诸多不利因素,大大限制了该项技术在设施农业领域中的发展。为探寻合理的解决途径,对地源热泵空调系统的关键技术和其在中国的发展概况进行了相关的阐述和分析,并以中国农业大学上庄实验站已经建成使用的地下水式温室地源热泵空调系统为实例,介绍该系统的组成、工作流程、性能参数和使用情况,探讨温室地源热泵空调系统在推广和使用中可能出现的投资较高,长时间运行性能不稳定等问题,分析其原因并提出相应的对策建议。     

不同阶段沼液作发酵接种物对牛粪产气的影响

在牛粪厌氧发酵中,不同阶段沼液的物理、化学性质及微生物种群有较大差异,利用不同发酵阶的沼液作接种物必然会影响到系统的产气特性。实验结果表明:以发酵20天的发酵沼液作接种物可以加快反应速度,增加产气量,提高COD去除率;用60天的发酵沼液作接种物不利于产气的进行。     

Effects of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum Linnaeus.)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary carbohydrate sources on the growth performance and hepatic carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of juvenile cobia. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 20% glucose, sucrose, maltose, dextrin, corn starch and wheat starch respectively. The results indicated that fish fed the wheat starch and dextrin diets showed significantly better weight gain, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio compared with those fed the other diets. However, fish fed the glucose diet had a significantly lower survival and condition factor than those fed the other diets. There were significant differences in the total plasma glucose and triglyceride concentration in fish fed diets with different dietary carbohydrate sources. Haematocrit, haemoglobin, red blood cell and leucocytes were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources. The activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), 6-phosphofructokinase (PFK) and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) were significantly affected by the dietary carbohydrate sources, while fish fed the glucose diet showed higher G6PD, PFK and FBPase activities than those fed the other diets. These data indicated that dextrin and wheat starch were the most optimal carbohydrate sources for juvenile cobia.     

品种、培养基质和接种量对马铃薯脱毒基础苗生长的影响

以马铃薯早熟品种大西洋、中熟品种克新1号、晚熟品种青薯168脱毒基础苗为试验材料,研究品种、培养基质和接种量对马铃薯脱毒基础苗苗鲜重、根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、叶片数、株高、茎粗、根长和根条数等性状指标的影响,培养14 d时,测定各性状指标。结果表明:三个品种的主要农艺性状均在液体培养基上表现为最佳,其平均单株鲜重、干重、株高、茎粗、节长和根条数分别为:159.4 mg、9.1 mg、7.3 cm、1.16 mm、1.4 cm、5.6条。在液体培养基上,降低了马铃薯工厂化生产成本,同时还可缩短马铃薯脱毒基础苗培养时间7~9 d。接种量对马铃薯单株根鲜重、苗干重、叶片数、株高、茎粗、根长有显著性影响(P<0.05);不同成熟期品种苗鲜重、根鲜重、根干重、叶片数、株高、茎粗、根长和根条数受品种影响显著(P<0.05);不同成熟期品种、不同接种密度处理对马铃薯单株根鲜重、苗干重、根干重、叶片数、株高、茎粗、根长影响有显著性交互作用(P<0.05);早熟品种大西洋,接种密度为0.67株/cm2时,中熟品种克新1号和晚熟品种青薯168接种密度为0.80株/cm2时,综合农艺性状表现最好。     

Reactions on Nicotiana species to potato viruses A,X and Y and tobacco mosaic virus in relation to their taxonomy and geographical origin

When testing the response of species of the genusNicotiana to 14 isolates of potato viruses A (PVA), X (PVX) and Y (PVY) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), sections and section parts of the genus could be divided into five groups according to the overall reaction of their species. Species from arid regions of australia and belonging to the sectionSuaveolentes (subgenusPetunioides) were most sensitive and least resistant, whereas the sectionsPaniculatae (subgenusRustica),Tomentosae (Tabacum) andNoctiflorae (Petunioides) appeared least sensitive and most resistant. Sixty-one percent of the accessions of the latter sections proved resistant to at least two of the viruses. The most resistant species have their main geographical distribution in the central Andes (southern Peru, Bolivia and north-western Argentina), where the viruses may have originated. One other resistant species wasN. africana (Suaveolentes) indigenous to south-western Africa. The most sensitive American sections, viz.Genuinae (Tabacum) andTrigonophyllae, Alatae, Acuminatae andBigelovianae (Petunioides), were generally more sensitive than species of theSuaveolentes section from outside the arid regions of Australia. The remaining part of the genus, viz. the American sectionsThyrsiflorae andRusticae (Rustica) andUndulatae, Repandea andNudicaules (Petunioides) was intermediate between the latter group ofSuaveolentes species and the resistant group of sections with regard to sensitivity and resistance, but had a high rate of tolerance to PVA, PVX and PVY and of hypersensitivity-associated resistance to TMV. The results indicate that the viral respons in the genusNicotiana is mainly determined geographically and to a lesser extent taxonomically.Samenvatting Na inoculatie van een grote collectieNicotiana-soorten met 14 isolaten van de aardappelvirussen A (PVA), X (PVX) en Y (PVY) en tabaksmozaïekvirus (TMV), konden de secties of sectiedelen van het genus op basis van de gemiddelde reactie van hun soorten in vijf groepen worden verdeeld. Soorten uit Australische woestijngebieden en taxonomisch behorend tot de sectieSuaveolentes (subgenusPetunioides) bleken het meest gevoelig en het minst resistent, terwijl de sectiesPaniculatae (subgenusRustica),Tomentosae (Tabacum) enNoctiflorae (Petunioides) het minst gevoelig en het meest resistent waren. Van de collectienummers van de laatstgenoemde secties bleek 61% resistentie tegen minstens twee van de virussen te bezitten. De meest resistente soorten hebben hun verspreidingsgebied vooral in het centrale deel van het Andesgebergte (het zuidelijk deel van Peru, Bolivia en noord-westelijk Argentinië). Mogelijk is dit het ontstaansgebied van deze virussen. De einge andere resistente soort wasN. africana (Suaveolentes) uit zuid-westelijk Afrika. De meest gevoelige Amerikaanse secties, te wetenGenuinae (Tabacum) enTrigonophyllae, Alatae, Acuminatae enBigelovianae (Petunioides), waren gemiddeld gevoeliger danSuaveolentes-soorten die niet uit de Australische woestijnen afkomstig zijn. Het resterende deel van het genus, bestaande uit de Amerikaanse sectiesThyrsiflorae enRusticae (Rustica) enUndulatae, Repandae enNudicaules (Petunioides), stond met betrekking tot gevoeligheid en resistentie tussen laatstgenoemd deel van de sectieSuaveolentes en de groep resistente secties in, maar vertoonde in hoge mate tolerantie voor PVA, PVX en PVY en met overgevoeligheid samengaande resistentie voor TMV. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat de reacties van het genusNicotiana op virussen vooral geografisch bepaald zijn en in mindere mate taxonomisch.     

Effect of early infection on pathotype frequencies in barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) populations in field plots

A field experiment with barley powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei ) was designed in order to study how the time of arrival of inoculum in the field influenced pathotype frequencies in the resulting populations. Three isolates belonging to pathotypes that were absent or rare in the local aerial inoculum were used to inoculate field plots of winter barley cv. Plaisant. Two successive inoculations with different combinations of the three isolates were performed with an approximately two-generation delay, and frequencies of inoculated pathotypes were assessed four and nine generations after the first inoculation. Pathotypes of the first inoculated isolates generally persisted throughout the period of sampling; this is described as an 'early arrival' effect. During the epidemics the inoculated isolates were not replaced by isolates from the natural airborne inoculum. Pathotype frequencies depended mainly on the time of arrival of inoculum in the plot, but frequencies also depended on the isolate that had been inoculated. The most frequent isolate, GL1, belonged to the clonal lineage dominant in powdery mildew populations on winter barley in the north of France. These results confirmed that the composition of a powdery mildew population in a field is largely determined by the composition of the initial inoculum.     

Epidemiology of Fusarium Infection and Deoxynivalenol Content in Winter Wheat in the Rhineland, Germany

Details of our long-term research programme concerning the epidemiology of Fusarium spp. and mycotoxin production are summarized. Evaluation of the occurrence of Fusarium spp., mainly on winter wheat (Triticum aestivum), was carried out by investigating Fusarium infection and mycotoxin contamination. Two to 15% of grains were infested during 1995–1998 at three climatologically differing localities of the Rhineland, Germany. Disease progress was accelerated by rainfall during the flowering season. The species most frequently isolated were Fusarium avenaceum, F. poae, F. culmorum and F. graminearum. The mean deoxynivalenol (DON) content varied from 19gkg^–1 (1995) to 310gkg^–1 (1998) and was not always correlated with disease severity. Organic farming systems showed lower rates of infection with ear blight and lower mycotoxin contamination than conventional farming systems.     

犊牛代用乳中蛋白质原料应用研究进展

代用乳是犊牛主要的液体饲料来源之一,与全乳和乳副产品相比不仅降低了犊牛生产成本,而且更适合犊牛饲养设备的操作和使用.在以代用乳为主要饲料来源培育犊牛过程中,代用乳中蛋白质的营养作用是决定饲养效果和经济性的关键性因素.本文对代用乳常用蛋白质的原料特性等方面做了简要综述.     

科尔沁沙地农村生活能源利用与沙漠化

科尔沁沙地沙漠化的形成离不开脆弱的自然条件,与不合理的人类活动也密不可分,且与后者的关系日渐密切。针对沙漠化产生的过耕、过牧、过樵等不合理人类活动,人们采取了不同的应对措施,退耕、以草定畜、严禁采伐等。文章通过对典型区的调查和分析发现,针对过度樵采所采取的措施并不全面和彻底,长期以来,人们忽视了在半干旱气候条件下半农半牧区生物质能的合理利用,使之成为沙漠化发展的重要促进因素,需要在沙漠化防治过程中引起足够重视。     

沙湖水体富营养化评价及防治对策

本文采用营养状态指数法对沙湖营养状况进行综合评价。评价结果表明,沙湖富营养化日趋严重,已经由2002年的轻度富营养发展到2005年的中度富营养,磷和有机污染物是沙湖富营养化限制因子。对富营养化成因进行分析,结果表明外源污染和内源释放是造成沙湖富营养化的主要原因,黄河补水和地表径流是主要的外污染源,最后根据分析结果提出沙湖富营养化的防治对策。