葡萄藤颗粒饲料对奶牛产奶性能的影响

[目的]为了促进葡萄藤等葡萄副产物的饲料化利用,[方法]试验利用葡萄藤等葡萄副产物生产的颗粒饲料饲喂产奶期奶牛,研究其对奶牛产奶性能的影响。[结果]结果显示,试验期内,试验组奶牛产奶量随着试验时间延长而增加。在试验30 d时,试验组奶牛平均产奶量比对照组多2.1 kg,达显著水平(P0.05);在试验结束时,比对照组多产奶2.4 kg(P0.05)。乳蛋白含量和乳脂率均有所增加,但未达显著水平(P0.05)。试验组奶牛日均增效益较对照组多2.26元。[结论]葡萄藤颗粒饲料可部分代替奶牛日粮中的玉米秸秆、玉米青贮等粗饲料,对提高奶牛产奶性能具有促进作用。     

几种土壤调理剂对“户太8号”葡萄生长的影响

以5年生“户太8号”葡萄为试验材料,在葡萄园施用5种不同的土壤调理剂,研究其对土壤改良与葡萄生长发育的影响。结果表明,供试5种土壤调理剂均可促进葡萄植株营养生长,叶片增大、加厚,叶片叶绿素spad提高,果实单粒重与硬度均显著增加,土壤质地明显改善。其中,腐殖酸、硅钙镁钾类调理剂分别使土壤pH降低、升高。微生物菌剂有利于增加土壤保水能力。今后宜研究不同类型土壤调理剂配合试验,以有针对性的合理改良土壤。     

西北地区赤霞珠葡萄根际土壤中AM真菌的多样性

对西北地区5个酿酒葡萄赤霞珠（Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon）葡萄园根际土壤060 cm土层的AM真菌空间分布进行了研究。结果表明,葡萄根系可形成丛枝菌根,且侵染率较高,最高达79%; 在西北地区的5个样地中共分离出AM真菌4属22种,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）15种,无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）4种,盾巨孢囊霉属（Scutellospora）2种,巨孢囊霉属（Gigaspora）1种。5个样地孢子密度大小顺序为: 陕西泾阳（JY）＞山西永济（YJ）＞陕西杨凌（YL）＞宁夏银川（YC）＞甘肃莫高（MG）。各样地葡萄根际土壤中AM真菌种的丰富度不同,陕西泾阳地区最高; 分布于葡萄根际的AM真菌按种类多少排序的属依次是: 球囊霉属无梗囊霉属盾巨孢囊霉属巨孢囊霉属,球囊霉属占据的比例保持着绝对优势; 根内球囊霉、摩西球囊霉、地表球囊霉在不同样地中均为优势菌株,副冠球囊霉,集球囊霉,细凹无梗囊霉是多数样地中的稀有种类。研究表明,葡萄与AM真菌具有良好的共生关系,二者协同进化产生了具有生态环境特异性的菌根真菌多样性; 葡萄根际存在较为丰富的丛枝菌根真菌资源,可供进一步开发利用。     

Development of methods using phytoalexin (resveratrol) assessment as a selection criterion to screen grapevine in vitro cultures for resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea)

Summary The purpose of this research was, firstly to determine the ability of grapevine in vitro cultures to synthesize resveratrol, a stilbene-type phytoalexin that is considered to be a good marker for resistance of grapevines to Botrytis cinerea, the causal organism for grey mould. Secondly, this study sought to establish the relationship between phytoalexin production potential and resistance to Botrytis cinerea in grapevines. In this aim, resveratrol production was assessed in 13 Vitis species or cultivars. A good correlation appeared between resveratrol production by grapevine in vitro cultures and grey mould resistance except for two Vitis spp. for which no correlation was observed, thus suggesting that resistance of grapevines may sometimes be associated with factors other than stilbene phytoalexins. In view of the results obtained, the potential use of resveratrol induction and of in vitro methods as a tool for screening grapevines for resistance to B. cinerea was discussed.     

甘肃葡萄扇叶病毒和卷叶病毒的检测

采用 DAS-ELISA 检测方法对甘肃地区的葡萄主要品种进行扇叶病毒和卷叶病毒的调查和测定。结果表明,这两种病毒病在甘肃地区的主要葡萄产区均有发生。兰州地区和一些老的葡萄产区葡萄带病毒病较严重。通过对比植株下部枝条的幼叶、幼茎、老叶和老茎病原的检测结果,说明植株下部幼嫩组织是卷叶病毒最适的检测部位。     

Antifungal activity of chili pepper extract with potential for the control of some major pathogens in grapevine

BACKGROUND

In recent years, biofungicides have drawn increasing interest in vineyards for a more sustainable integrated and copper-limited pest management. Among alternatives, botanicals could represent valuable tools, being rich sources of biologically active compounds. Conversely to the well-known antioxidant and biological properties in relation to health benefits, investigation on bioactivity of hot pungent Capsicum sp. products against fungal phytopathogens in vineyards is still scarce. Therefore, the present study aimed at exploring the biologically active compounds profile of a chili pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) pod extract and its antimicrobial properties against some of the major fungal and Oomycetes pathogens of grapevine, including Botrytis cinerea Pers., Guignardia bidwellii (Ellis) Viala & Ravaz and Plasmopara viticola (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Berl. & De Toni.

RESULTS

The ethyl acetate-extracted oleoresin from the most pungent varieties was rich in capsaicinoids and polyphenols (371.09 and 268.5 μg mg⁻¹ dry weight, respectively). Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin, hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids and quercetin derivatives were the most abundant, while carotenoids represented only a minor fraction. The oleoresin was efficient to inhibit all three pathogenic fungi and ED₅₀ values were determined, evidencing that G. bidwellii was the more sensitive (0.233 ± 0.034 mg mL⁻¹).

CONCLUSION

The results suggested a potentiality of chili pepper extract for the control of some important grapevine pathogens, their possible application being helpful for the recommended limitation in extensive use of copper in vineyard. The complex mixture of high amounts of capsaicinoids, associated to specific phenolic acids and other minor bioactive components might contribute to the observed antimicrobial action of chili pepper extract. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

Soil properties of vineyards on arkoses as a basis to understand their suitability and optimum performance

The study of the soil properties and geochemistry of vineyard soils of the Méntrida Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) (central Spain) was performed to better understand the role of soil as a terroir component and to contribute to sustainable vineyard management. Soil physico-chemical characteristics were determined, along with the content of trace elements (by placing emphasis on rare earths) in topsoils and subsoils. The dominant soil types were Inceptisols, Alfisols and Entisols (USDA soil classificacion), i.e., Cambisols, Luvisols and Regosols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) system. They were all deep and well-structured. Our findings reveal that soil-available nitrogen (N) ranged from 0.03 to 0.21 (%), with soil-available phosphorus (P) ranging from 0.20 to 40.50 (mg·kg⁻¹). pH had a mean of 6.33 (range: 4.4–8.7) in the ten observations, and a degree of mesotrophic saturation in bases (V%), except in one that had a 100% value (soils where carbonates were absent, save exceptional cases). A medium to high cation exchange capacity (CEC) was found (range: 9.8–38.3 cmol·kg⁻¹). The mean values of elements' contents were (mg·kg⁻¹): Sc 14.8, V 32.13, Cr 23.09, As 4.01, Ni 8.57, Cu 6.43, Zn 30.13, Rb 143.49, Sr 63.03, Y 15.39, Ba 374,44, La 25.87, Ce 43.77, Pb 22.25, Nd 21.28. They decreased in this order: Ba > Rb > Sr > Ce > V > Zn > La > Cr > Pb > Nd > Y > Sc > Cu > As. The results confirm the importance of soils for the PDO, with an optimum condition to produce grapevine quality laying the foundations to obtain a good wine. Our findings provide insights into the importance of pedological properties for regulating soil nutrient availability across soil types, and support soil resource utilization management in regional viticulture.     

尿素对葡萄5 个氮代谢相关基因表达的影响

 以‘藤稔’葡萄为试材,利用半定量RT-PCR 和荧光定量PCR 技术对5 个葡萄氮代谢基因 VvGHD（JF796045）、VvNiR（JF796046）、VvNR（JF796047）、VvGS（JF796048）和VvAS（JF796049） 在施用尿素后的表达情况进行了分析。5 个基因在葡萄叶面喷施尿素后不同时间段的表达量存在显著差 异,整体呈先升高后降低的趋势;VvGDH 最高表达水平发生在尿素喷施后48 h,VvNR 和VvNiR 最高表 达水平发生在24 h,VvGS 最高表达水平发生在6 h,VvAS 最高表达水平发生在2 h。叶面喷施比土壤施用 尿素叶中5 个基因表达高峰出现的时间早,且表达水平高;土壤施尿素后叶中5 个基因对尿素的响应时 间比根中延后,但响应强度明显高于根中。     

葡萄抗病毒转基因研究进展

 迄今已发现63 种病毒侵染葡萄。利用转基因技术培育抗病品种是防控葡萄病毒病的重要手段之一。对葡萄再生体系和遗传转化方法及影响因素、葡萄抗病毒转基因研究进展,以及转基因植株检测、抗性评价和抗性机理等进行了综述,并对今后研究方向进行了讨论和展望。