苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量空间变异性研究

为研究江苏北部优势农业区土壤砷含量的空间变异性并分析引起其空间变异的原因,该文采用经典统计学和地质统计学相结合的方法对土壤中砷含量进行了分析.在对原始数据进行探索性空间分析的基础上,采用加权多项式回归法及交叉验证法,对球形、指数、高斯模型拟合实验半变异函数的结果进行评价,并根据评价结果选择了带块金效应的高斯模型作为实验半变异函数的拟合模型.采用普通克里格法对苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量空间分布情况进行插值计算,结果表明苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量存在明显空间相关性并且实验半变异函数表现为各向同性.区域内土壤砷含量最高的区域在研究区的西北部,而最低值在研究区的中北部.劣质水灌溉是引起这种变异的主要原因.     

Short-term spatiotemporal variation of soil CO2 emission,temperature, moisture and aeration in sugarcane field reform areas under the influence of precipitation events

Soil CO₂ emission (FCO₂) in agricultural areas results from the interaction of different factors such as climate and soil conditions. Our objective was to investigate the spatiotemporal variation of FCO₂, temperature (T_soil), moisture (M_soil) and air-filled pore space (AFPS), as well as their interactions, during the sugarcane field reform. The study was conducted on a 90 × 90 m sampling grid with 100 points at 10 m spacings. Ten assessments of FCO₂, T_soil and M_soil were carried out at each point over a 28-day period. The greatest mean values of FCO₂ (0.74 g m⁻² hr⁻¹) and M_soil (31.7%) were obtained on Julian day 276, 2013, being associated with precipitation events at the study site. Also, the smallest values of AFPS (19.17%) and T_soil (20.90°C) were observed on the same day. The spatial variability of FCO₂, T_soil, M_soil and AFPS was best described by an adjusted spherical model, although an exponential model better fitted some results. The spatial pattern of all soil attributes showed little temporal persistency, indicating a high complexity for FCO₂ during precipitation. Correlation maps assisted in identifying regions where M_soil and AFPS better controlled the emission process and where T_soil was important. A major challenge for world agriculture is to increase the efficiency of conventional soil management practices. We highlight the importance of the spatial pattern of soil properties that directly influence the CO₂ emission dynamics. Future mitigation actions should involve less intense tillage and ensure homogeneous applications of soil inputs, thereby reducing production costs and the contribution of these activities to CO₂ emissions during the sugarcane field reform.     

稻纵卷叶螟种群动态的地统计学分析

概述了地统计学在昆虫种群时空动态分析中的基本方法,应用该方法分析了省通州市和安徽省凤阳县稻纵卷叶螟２３个各世代种群时间格局的结构特征和自相关性,并对历年各世代的种群数量进行了模拟估计。结果表明：种群每世代的累计蛾量和高峰日蛾量在一定世代间隔内均存在着自相关性,当世代间隔超过一定距离时表现为相互独立。两地区种群世代间的影响范围和作用程度的大小存在差异。     

Spatial patterns of spear rot in oil palm plantations in Surinam

As the aetiology of spear rot of oil palm is unknown, indirect methods were applied to study its putative infectiousness by analysing data from commercial oil palm plantations in Surinam. Geostatistics and gradient analysis were used to examine the spatial variation of spear rot disease in 13 blocks at two plantations. In two blocks, which had low spear rot incidence initially, the variogram indicated that affected trees were not spatially related, suggesting that infection came from various distant sources. Later, the semivariances in one of these two blocks and in seven others, calculated for successive dates, showed a linear increase with distance. The variograms for four blocks showed a nonlinear increase in variance. Over the years, the variograms suggested that the variation in spear rot was anisotropic, with more spatial dependence in a westerly direction. Classical analysis of disease gradients over time confirmed that there was a preferential direction of disease spread. The data are compatible with the following hypotheses: (1) spear rot is an infectious disease; (2) the causal agent of spear rot is vector-borne, the vector being displaceable by wind; and (3) spear rot appears in two distinct phases, phase 1 being characterized by few randomly scattered trees, phase 2 by focal spread of disease starting from such scattered trees. The trigger of the change from phase 1 to phase 2 remains unknown.     

农田土壤养分的空间变异性特征

对一块面积为１ｈｍ^２麦田内的９８个观测点取样分析,测定了代表不同土壤含水率水平下的两个时期土壤表层和底层的ＮＨ_４-Ｎ、ＮＯ₃-Ｎ、Ｏｌｓｅｎ-Ｐ、表层有机质和全氮等养分。应用地统计学的方法对所取的数据进行了分析,结果表明底层土壤的ＮＨ_４-Ｎ、表层土壤的有机质服从正态分布;其余养分基本上服从对数正态分布;按一定的精度和置信水平确定了合理的取样数目。通过半方差函数分析,发现这些养分在一定范围内存在空间相关性;采用Ｋｒｉｇｉｎｇ方法对未测点进行了估值,绘制了等值线图,并对两个时期的养分动态的空间变异进行了初步分析。该成果可用于提高氮肥利用率和精确农业（施肥）的研究和实践。     

Spatial Variability of Agricultural Soil Fertility Parameters in a Gleyic Podzol of Belgium

Precise information about the spatial variability of soil nutrients is essential in developing site-specific management, e.g., variable rate application of nutrients. In this study 5 fields (4 grassland, 1 arable land) on a Gleyic Podzol, each of about 1 ha, were sampled according to a 20 m×20 m grid. On these samples pH, carbon content and nutrient status (P, K, Ca, Mg, and Na) were measured. The variogram analysis of the different soil fertility parameters revealed quite different ranges for these parameters. Carbon content, pH and calcium have high ranges, between 110 and 170 m. On the other hand, ranges for potassium and sodium are much smaller, 60 m and 30 m respectively. For the elements potassium and sodium, high coefficients of variation are found, especially on the grassland fields. These differences in ranges of spatial relationship indicate that the sampling strategy for estimating variability of soil fertility, should be adopted to the different selected soil parameters and the soil use.     

基于地统计的额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深空间异质性研究

利用地统计学方法定量研究了额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深的空间异质性.结果表明:额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深分布有较大的空间异质性,地下水位埋深的理论模型为球体模型;额济纳绿洲地下水位埋深主要受结构性因子的影响;地下水位埋深的变程在22.6km左右.地下水位埋深的空间分布总体上表现为从南到北,从西向东逐渐增大的分布格局.局部分布上,...     

新疆伊犁地区草地土壤全碳含量空间格局分析

为了研究伊犁地区草地土壤碳库的空间分布规律,本研究基于146个草地样地的土壤全碳含量实测数据,结合遥感及气象数据,并利用地理学相关分析方法,构建土壤全碳含量空间化模型,分析了伊犁地区草地不同土壤深度全碳含量空间格局特征,并对影响土壤全碳含量分布的主要因素进行探讨。结果表明,1)伊犁地区草地不同土壤深度(0-10、10-20、20-30、30-40cm和4个土层均值)的全碳含量与海拔、年均气温、≥10℃年积温和8月份NDVI极显著相关(P0.01),与年均降水和湿润度显著相关(P0.05),以这6个生态要素建立土壤全碳含量空间化模型,反演得到空间分辨率1km的不同草地深度土壤全碳含量空间格局分布数据,检验结果表明空间化结果精度较高。2)伊犁地区草地0-40cm土层土壤全碳平均含量为4.251 9%,并随着土层深度的增加,草地土壤全碳含量呈下降趋势。3)伊犁地区空间化结果反映不同深度土壤全碳含量空间格局存在差异,土壤全碳含量最小值出现在伊犁河沿岸两侧及特克斯河与伊犁河交汇处人类活动密集的区域,最大值均出现在南、北天山两侧,并沿着伊犁河向两侧高海拔区域逐渐增加。4)伊犁地区草地不同深度土壤全碳含量空间分布规律与草地类型分布规律一致;人为活动干扰(过度放牧、盲目开垦)对草地土壤全碳含量影响较大。     

玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤养分空间变异特征与格局

运用经典统计学及地统计学的半变异函数定量研究了玛纳斯河流域绿洲表层土壤(0～10cm)中有机质、全氮、全钾和全磷4种养分含量的空间变异特征。结果表明:4种养分含量数据均服从正态分布,有机质、全氮和全磷的理论模型属于指数模型,全钾的则符合球状模型。全氮和全钾的空间自相关范围为24.18km和35.78km,空间结构上具有中等空间相关性,随机性因素引起的全氮和全钾的变异分别占48.93%和48.23%,是结构性因素(气候、母质、地形、土壤类型等)和随机因素(施肥、耕作措施、种植制度等)共同作用的结果;有机质和全磷的空间自相关范围为79.10km和82.63km,空间结构上具有强相关性,块金值与基台值之比分别为25.06%和20.00%,其空间变异主要由结构性因素引起的。在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,通过Kriging插值研究了玛纳斯河流域绿洲土壤养分的空间水平分布规律并对土壤养分要素含量等级进行了评价。有机质、全氮和全钾具有南北部高,中间低,由南北向中心递减的趋势;有机质、全氮、全钾含量为较丰富以上等级面积分别占研究区的0%、97.91%、99.69%;全磷含量从中心往南递增,北部分布较均匀;全磷含量为较丰富以上等级的面积占研究区的10.62%。