沙蒿尖翅吉丁幼虫危害特性和空间格局研究

油蒿(Artemisia ordosica Krasch.)为菊科蒿属半灌木,具有耐旱、耐瘠薄、抗风蚀、喜沙埋、结实丰富、采种容易、生长迅速、固沙作用强等特点,是我国重要的荒漠灌木林植物,在荒漠化防治中具有特殊的重要作用。近年来,由于生态环境的改变,灾害性天气频发,我国内蒙古、宁夏、陕西等地的油蒿灌丛内     

对比景观土壤性质普通克里格法和回归克里格法的比较研究

The accuracy between ordinary kriging and regression kriging was compared based on the combined consideration of sample size, spatial structure, and auxiliary variables (terrain indices and electromagnetic induction surveys) for a variety of soil properties in two contrasting landscapes (agricultural vs. forested). When spatial structure could not be well captured by point-based observations (e. g., when the ratio of sample spacing over correlation range was > 0.5), or when a strong relationship existed between target soil properties and auxiliary variables (e. g., their R² was > 0.6), regression kriging (RK) was more accurate for interpolating soil properties in both landscapes studied. Otherwise, ordinary kriging (OK) was better. Soil depth and wetness condition did not appear to affect the selection of kriging for soil moisture interpolation, because they did not significantly change the ratio of sample spacing over correlation range and the relationship with the auxiliary variables. Because of a smaller ratio of elevation change over total study area (E/A = 1.2) and multiple parent materials in the agricultural land, OK was generally more accurate in that landscape. In contrast, a larger E/A ratio of 6.8 and a single parent material led to RK being preferable in the steep-sloped forested catchment. The results from this study can be useful for selecting kriging for various soil properties and landscapes.     

县域土壤养分空间变异分析——以蒲城县为例

借助GIS和地统计学方法对蒲城县土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾4种土壤养分的空间变异特征进行了分析。传统统计分析结果表明:4种土壤养分的变异系数在21%～80%之间,均属于中等变异性。地统计学半方差分析结果显示:碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾的基底效应介于25%～75%,具有中等空间相关性;有机质的基底效应为78%,空间相关性较弱。最后采用普通克里格插值方法,输出土壤养分空间分布图,据此分析土壤养分空间分布特征。     

Probabilistic large‐area mapping of seagrass species distributions

• 1. Aerial photograph classification was used to map perennial thick canopy seagrass presence/absence over a large area (85 km²) off the coast of Western Australia. Within those areas mapped as seagrass, a geostatistical nonparametric interpolation method was applied to map the probability of seagrass species presence from underwater tow video. Multiple species mixtures were mapped at fixed probability thresholds of 0.95, 0.75, 0.50, and 0.25. Taxa included Amphibolis spp., Posidonia coriacea, P. sinuosa, P. australis and ephemeral species (Halophila and Zostera tasmanica (newly named as Heterozostera polychlamys)).
• 2. The most commonly occurring species were respectively Amphibolis spp., Posidonia coriacea, P. sinuosa, P. australis, and the ephemeral species. Amphibolis, P. coriacea, and the ephemeral species were mapped predominantly as mixed assemblages (71–89% mixed), whereas P. sinuosa and P. australis were typically mapped as single species.
• 3. Different species growth habits led to distinctive differences in large area distributions. All species were highly variable over short distances (<500 m), and spatial dependence persisted over more than 5 km. However, Posidonia sinuosa meadows were oriented with the longest axis running north–south, and a shorter axis running east–west perpendicular to the coastline (spatial dependence to 2.8 km and 0.8 km, respectively). The ephemeral species were less successfully mapped, largely owing to the potentially different growth patterns of the grouped species, and because their full extent could not be captured by the aerial photograph classification.
• 4. The individual biology of each species results in unique landscape features where Posidonia sinuosa forms larger continuous and predominantly monospecific meadows, whereas the more common Amphibolis and P. coriacea form multi‐species patchy meadows. These mapped features suggest that the emergence of species patterns in seagrass landscapes is influenced by differences in clonal growth among seagrass species.
• 5. Probabilistic species mapping provided information unavailable from discretely classified maps, and facilitates targeted sampling for improving map accuracy, and for more realistically evaluating species and mixed species distribution predictions. The kriging approach, although not well suited for all types of vegetation data, performed well for clonal seagrasses.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Area-to-Point Kriging of Soil Phosphorus Composite Samples

Mapping of phosphorus (P) is based on sampling and laboratory analysis. Although laboratory analysis is costly, the number of samples is restricted in practice. In zone sampling, areas of the field are used to composite samples from sets of sampling points to reduce efforts. This study introduces area-to-point (ATP) kriging for downscaling composite samples with different sizes and shapes of the sampling areas. ATP kriging makes use of the coordinates of the sampling points of the composite samples. The applicability was tested on a simulated data set as well as on a spatially dense sample set of P measurements. Validation shows that ATP kriging outperforms point kriging with centroid interpolation. The root mean square error (RMSE) is reduced from 39.5 to 33.5 mg kg^?1. ATP kriging predictions were better at retaining the P value of the sampling area. The smoothing effect of interpolation and the aggregation effect of compositing the samples were reduced.     

宁夏银北灌区灌淤土营养元素空间变异性研究

规则网格取样,传统统计学和地统计学方法分别进行资料分析,研究宁夏银北灌区灌淤土耕层土壤有机质和速效Ca、Mg、N、K、P、S含量分布特征及其空间变异性。结果表明,研究区土壤有机质、氨态N和速效K、P含量普遍较低,低于临界值的比例分别为100%、11.8%和22.7%,而Ca、Mg和S含量处于较高水平;速效Ca的变异系数最大为131.13%,其它元素变异系数32.97%~77.45%。利用球型模型对各元素的实验半变异函数进行拟合,结果表明,速效N在田间尺度的空间自相关性表现为纯块金效应,说明其空间变异性主要受灌溉、作物类型、施肥等随机因素影响。而有机质、Ca、Mg、K、S具有较强的空间结构,块金效应在1.6%~20%之间。由于速效P含量的预测值和测量值在0.01水平未达到显著相关,仅用普通克里格插值法绘制了土壤速效Ca、Mg、K、S含量分布图,以直观地反映其空间变异性。     

甘肃省灌漠土土壤养分空间变异特征

结合传统统计与地质统计学方法对甘肃省河西地区武威灌漠土有机质、NH4 -N、有效P及K的空间变异性进行了分析。结果表明:所测定的四种土壤养分含量具有较大的空间变异,变异系数在20.299%～53.812%之间,土壤NH4 -N及有效P含量的变异较大,变异系数分别为53.812%及51.347%;土壤K和有机质的变异系数分别为43.155%和20.299%。地质统计学分析表明该区域土壤P、K有效含量具有强烈的空间相关性,其块金值/基台值[C0/(C0 C)]分别为8.031%和0.560%;土壤NH4 -N及有机质具有中等程度的空间相关性,[C0/(C0 C)]分别为39.111%和32.351%。土壤有机质、NH4 -N、速效P及K等含量的最大相关距在129～2354m之间,其中土壤有效N含量的最大相关距最长(2354m),有机质含量次之(981m),K含量最短(129m)。土壤OM及NH4 -N的分形维数分别为1.891和1.912,土壤有效P及K的分形维数均为1.984。随机因素如种植制度、施肥方式等耕作措施对土壤有机质及氮的影响较大,而对土壤磷、钾的影响较小。该土壤性质的克立格插值结果显示出一定的空间相似性,显示地质统计学方法可用于分析土壤肥力在空间上的变异。     

农田表层土壤养分空间变异特性研究

为给田间养分监测设施布设方法提供依据,在陕西杨凌选取2块农田,采用12 m×12 m嵌套6 m×6 m的采样方法,采集表层土壤(0～20 cm)养分数据,运用经典统计、地统计学结合Kriging插值方法,分析农田土壤养分空间变异特征。结果表明:冬小麦抽穗期与成熟期农田表层土壤全氮(TN)变异系数10%,为弱变异,土壤有机质(SOM)、有效磷(AP)变异系数介于10%与100%之间,为中等变异,有效钾(AK)和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)变异系数100%,为强变异,成熟期硝态氮(NO_3~--N)由强变异转为中等变异。土壤养分最优半方差模型为球状模型,作物不同生育阶段,土壤养分空间相关性存在一定的差异,土壤SOM、TN块金系数25%,空间相关性强烈,以结构性因素为主导;冬小麦抽穗期速效态养分块金系数介于25%与75%之间,空间相关性中等,随机性因素主导,成熟期25%,空间相关性增强。采样密度由6 m×6 m变为12 m×12 m时,变异程度保持不变,土壤养分空间变异系数差值在0.04%～59.48%范围内,成熟期2号样地的AK除外,块金系数差值在0.065%～34.177%范围内,2种采样间距获得的土壤养分空间变异特征基本一致,建议选用12 m×12 m网格。     

三江平原耕地土壤有机质时空分布特征——以富锦市为例

以2013年三江平原富锦市实地调查和采样数据,1981年国家第二次土壤普查数据和各种辅助图件为基础,运用地统计学、统计学和GIS技术等研究方法,分析三江平原富锦市农田耕层土壤有机质(SOM)空间分布特征,探讨其32年间SOM变化的规律。结果表明,2013年富锦市SOM含量平均值为42.1 g/kg,较1981年下降了18.6%;在空间上呈现出较为明显的东南高西北低的分布格局,属于中等强度空间相关,受结构性因子和随机因子的共同作用。按照国家第二次土壤普查时富锦市SOM分级标准,1981-2013年有85.9%的农田耕层SOM发生不同程度的变化,其中有50.5%面积得到了提升,有35.4%面积有所下降。     

基于GIS和地质统计学的水稻灌溉用水定额等值线图*

 在ARCGIS支持下,将GIS空间数据管理功能和地质统计学的空间分析功能相结合,利用云南省30个典型县水稻灌溉用水定额数居,进行空间插值精度比较。交叉验证结果表明：地质统计学方法优于常规的距离反比法、径向基函数法、多项式插值方法;地质统计学方法中,普通克里金球状模型插值精度较高。