Determination of self-incompatible genotypes in sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) accessions and cultivars of the German Fruit Gene Bank and from private collections

Sweet cherries are self-incompatible because of a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. S alleles in the style and pollen determine the crossing relationships. Knowledge of the S allele constitution of cultivars is very important for cherry growers and breeders, and recently, molecular methods have been developed to distinguish the S alleles in sweet cherries. The S allele genotypes of 149 sweet cherry cultivars and clones, including 126 not previously genotyped, were determined by using PCR analysis. Thirteen different S alleles in 40 combinations were distinguished and nine new incompatibility groups were documented. Two new S alleles were identified in five local sweet cherry processing cultivars from southwestern Germany using the second intron primers. The sequence of these alleles was determined and compared to all known sequences available in the NCBI database. The sequences obtained showed high similarities to the alleles S ₁₉ and S ₂₂, previously described only in wild cherries, Prunus avium L.     

应用基因分型技术研究牛结核分枝杆菌分子流行病学

牛分枝杆菌是引起牛结核病(bTB)的病原体,侵染宿主广泛,可感染多种家畜和野生动物,对人类和动物健康构成巨大危害。随着多年不懈的研究,有关分枝杆菌分子流行病学的知识积累不断增加。作者对近年来应用新的基因分型技术研究牛结核分枝杆菌分子流行病学方面的一些研究进展。这些技术包限制性片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)、PCR介导的间隔区寡核苷酸分析(spoligotyping)、数目可变串联重复位点(VNTR)等。主要用于对人、牛、家畜以及野生动物的结核病分子流行病学进行分析和监测。另外,还利用一系列敏感的基于PCR的技术从分枝杆菌杆菌复合体(NTM)中对菌型进行鉴别。对分枝杆菌感染分子流行病学的全面了解,有助于对本病扩散传播机制的深入研究。可为制定科学防治结核病的措施做出贡献。     

病原体溯源技术研究进展及在寄生虫上的应用

病原体是导致人和动植物感染疾病的根源,带来一系列的安全隐患。病原体溯源研究对于基因型鉴定、分类地位准确化、流行病学调查及疾病的防控具有重大意义。近年来,分子生物学技术已被广泛用于病原溯源研究。作者主要对病原体溯源技术的最新研究进展及其在寄生虫上的应用作一综述。     

Genotyping of Bacillus anthracis Isolated from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Anthrax is a serious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. Humans can become infected by handling products from infected animals, by breathing spores and rarely by eating undercooked meat from infected animals. The genome of B. anthracis is highly monomorphic and thus shows very low DNA sequence variation. We analysed the molecular characteristics of 12 B. anthracis isolates from outbreaks in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, which have occurred during the past 10 years along with two vaccine strains. Genotyping system based on variable‐number tandem repeat analysis at six loci revealed that six isolates belong to genotype from the A1.a cluster whilst six isolates relate to the B2 cluster, compared to 89 previously described genotypes. The distribution of two evolutionarily distant clusters suggests an introduction of B. anthracis to this area in at least two separate events.     

Distribution and Genotypic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Isolated from Poultry in Split and Dalmatia County,Croatia

Consumption of poultry contaminated with Campylobacter jejuni has been recognized worldwide as the leading cause of campylobacteriosis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence and genotype diversity of Campylobacter jejuni in poultry meat intended for consumption in Split and Dalmatia County, which is the second biggest County in Croatia. Furthermore, we also wanted to discover possibly stable clones of C. jejuni appearing in different samples and periods of time, which would indicate their ability to persist in or adapt to poultry. In the period from March 2008 until June 2010, 834 samples of poultry from various sources were examined using a surface swab technique. Isolation of C. jejuni was performed by Preston broth and Karmali agar. Identification of the isolates was carried out using biochemical tests. C. jejuni was found in 84 of 574 chicken samples (14.6%) and in nine of 260 samples of turkey (3.5%). Pulse‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to analyse 61 obtained isolates using SmaI and KpnI. Of 22 different macrorestriction profiles (MRP) that were found, five were detected in poultry from both different locations and periods of time. Samples from 11 locations were found to be contaminated with more than two different genotypes of C. jejuni. Interestingly, the same MRP were found both in poultry declared to be of domestic origin and in the poultry imported from abroad. The prevalence of C. jejuni in poultry samples was in accordance with previously reported results. Genotypic analysis indicated that the population of C. jejuni in Split and Dalmatia County was diverse and that multiple strains of C. jejuni could be found in the same poultry samples. Furthermore, the same genotypes were identified from the samples obtained from different locations and periods of time, which could support the theory of a global existence of certain MRP that are able to persist in or adapt to poultry.     

绵羊SMAD1基因组织表达及其多态性与产羔数关联分析

【目的】绵羊产羔数是一个极其复杂的性状,受诸多因素影响。绵羊排卵数是最重要的因素之一,而SMAD蛋白在哺乳动物卵泡发育和颗粒细胞生长分化过程中发挥着重要作用。因此本文基于前期绵羊基因组重测序数据,深入研究SMAD家族成员1 (SMAD family member 1, SMAD1)基因在不同繁殖力小尾寒羊组织表达模式,并探讨其多态性与绵羊产羔数的关系,以揭示其影响产羔数的机制,为绵羊分子育种提供科学依据。【方法】首先,采用反转录PCR技术检测SMAD1基因在不同繁殖力小尾寒羊群体大脑,小脑,下丘脑,垂体,子宫,卵巢,输卵管,心脏,肝脏,脾脏,肺脏,肾脏,肾上腺,甲状腺,大肠,小肠,胰腺,瘤胃,肾脂 19种组织的表达模式,然后利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测SMAD1基因在不同繁殖力小尾寒羊下丘脑,垂体,子宫,卵巢,输卵管5种繁殖组织的相对表达量。随后采用Sequenom MassARRAY ^?SNP技术对SMAD1基因5个单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)位点在小尾寒羊（n=380）、湖羊（n=101）、苏尼特羊（n=21）、草原型藏羊（n=161）、策勒黑羊（n=52）、滩羊（n=22）6个绵羊品种中进行基因型检测,计算其群体遗传学指标,利用SPSS19.0软件分析5个SNPs与小尾寒羊产羔数的相关性。【结果】PCR结果显示,SMAD1基因在不同繁殖力小尾寒羊全身性组织均有表达,在小尾寒羊单羔群体卵巢的表达量极显著高于多羔群体（P<0.01）,小尾寒羊单羔群体下丘脑、垂体的表达量显著高于多羔群体（P<0.05）;基因分型结果表明,g.12485895A>G,g.12487558G>A和g.12487190G>T位点在单、多羔绵羊品种中基因型和等位基因频率均差异显著（P<0.05）;而g.12508874T>C和g.12487467A>G位点在单、多羔绵羊品种中基因型和等位基因频率均差异不显著（P>0.05）;群体遗传学分析表明,g.12485895A>G、g.12487558G>A、g.12508874T>C、g.12487467A>G、g.12487190G>T位点在小尾寒羊、湖羊、策勒黑羊、苏尼特羊、草原型藏羊中均为中度多态（0.25<PIC<0.5）,g.12508874T>C位点在滩羊群体表现为低度多态（PIC<0.25）;卡方适合性检验表明,g.12485895A>G和g.12487467A>G位点在小尾寒羊和草原型藏羊中处在Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态（P<0.05）,g.12487558G>A在小尾寒羊和湖羊群体处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态（P<0.05）,g.12487190G>T位点在草原型藏羊处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态（P<0.05）。其他位点在6个绵羊品种中均处在Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态（P>0.05）;关联分析表明,g.12485895A>G,g.12487558G>A,g.12508874T>C和g.12487467A>G位点与小尾寒羊产羔数无显著关联。g.12487190G>T位点TT基因型母羊前三胎的产羔数均显著高于GT和GG基因型母羊（P<0.05）。将该位点与小尾寒羊FecB（A746G）不同基因型进行组合后发现,AA-GG、AA-GT、AA-TT型母羊产羔数显著低于其他组合基因型母羊（P<0.05）。【结论】SMAD1与小尾寒羊繁殖密切相关,g.12487190G>T可作为小尾寒羊产羔性状选育的潜在分子标记。     

绵羊DUSP6基因多态性及其与产羔数关联分析

文章旨在探究绵羊DUSP6基因g.125589716G>A、g.125587728C>T、g.125589714C>T、g.125589006G>A四个位点多态性及其与产羔数之间的关系,以期找到与绵羊高繁殖力相关的分子标记。利用全基因组重测序结合Sequenom MassARRAY誖SNP技术对多羔绵羊品种(小尾寒羊、湖羊、策勒黑羊)和单羔绵羊品种(滩羊、苏尼特羊、萨福克羊、草原型藏羊)DUSP6基因上述4个多态位点进行检测,并与小尾寒羊产羔数进行关联分析。结果表明:绵羊g.125589716G>A位点在多羔绵羊品种中存在AA、GA、GG三种基因型,在单羔绵羊品种中存在GA、GG两种基因型;g.125587728C>T、g.125589714C>T位点在单、多羔绵羊品种中均存在CC、CT、TT三种基因型;g.125589006G>A位点在单、多羔绵羊群体中均只存在GA、GG两种基因型。绵羊DUSP6基因g.125589716G>A位点基因型频率在单、多羔绵羊品种之间差异显著(P<0.05),等位基因频率在单、多羔绵羊品种间差异极显著(P<0.01);g.125587728C>T、g.125589714C>T位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在单、多羔绵羊品种间差异均达极显著水平(P<0.01);g.125589006G>A位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在单、多羔绵羊品种间差异不显著(P>0.05)。关联分析表明,DUSP6基因各SNPs多态性与小尾寒羊不同胎次产羔数之间无显著关联(P>0.05)。综上说明,绵羊DUSP6基因g.125589716G>A、g.125587728C>T、g.125589714C>T以及g.125589006G>A等4个位点的多态性与小尾寒羊各胎次产羔数之间均无显著关联(P>0.05),不适用于小尾寒羊多羔性状选育。     

3株非典型羊源布鲁菌的基因分型研究

[目的]探讨采用基因分型方法对非典型布鲁菌鉴定的实用性,为非典型菌株的鉴别提供参考。[方法]采用常规鉴定方法和VITEK 2.0全自动细菌鉴定分析系统对菌株进行初步鉴定,利用AMOS-PCR进行种型鉴定,应用多位点可变数目串联重复序列分析方法(MLVA)确定菌株的基因型。[结果]常规鉴定结果显示试验菌株为疑似布鲁菌;VITEK 2.0全自动细菌鉴定系统显示3株试验菌株均为布鲁菌;AMOS-PCR扩增表明试验菌株均为羊种菌,MLVA聚类分析表明试验菌株与羊种2型布鲁菌紧密地聚为一类,属东地中海基因型,并在Panel 2B中发现了新的基因型(4-4-3-7-5),命名为CN2B-45。[结论]MLVA基因分型方法对非典型布鲁菌具有极高的分辨力,是非典型布鲁菌分型鉴别的最佳策略。     

绵羊FSTL3基因g.40674542C>T位点多态性与产羔数的关联分析

文章旨在探究绵羊FSTL3基因g.40674542C>T位点多态性与绵羊产羔数之间的关系,以期为绵羊高繁殖力分子育种提供新的遗传标记。利用全基因组重测序结合Sequenom MassARRAY~SNP技术对常年发情绵羊品种(小尾寒羊、策勒黑羊和湖羊)和季节性发情绵羊品种(滩羊、苏尼特羊和草原型藏羊)FSTL3基因g.40674542C>T位点多态性进行了检测,并与小尾寒羊产羔数进行了关联分析。结果表明:FSTL3基因g.40674542C>T位点存在CC、TC和TT三种基因型,基因型频率和等位基因频率在两种发情模式绵羊品种间差异均不显著(P>0.05);g.40674542C>T位点在6个绵羊品种中均表现为低度多态(PIC<0.25),经卡方适合性检验,该位点在小尾寒羊、湖羊和草原型藏羊中处于哈代温伯格平衡状态(P>0.05),在其余3个绵羊品种中处于哈代温伯格不平衡状态;g.40674542C>T位点不同基因型与小尾寒羊第一、第二以及第三胎产羔数均无显著关联(P>0.05)。说明FSTL3基因g.40674542C>T位点不适合用于小尾寒羊产羔数选育。