抑制性消减杂交技术在动物疫病防控中的应用

抑制性消减杂交技术(SSH)是一种高效分离差异表达基因的方法,可以在转录水平研究机体在不同生理时期、环境变化、疾病等条件下的基因表达差异,因其具有灵敏度高,重复性好的特点,已被广泛用于寻找差异基因的研究。为筛选与病原体致病相关基因,了解病原体与感染细胞之间的分子响应机制,从分子水平探讨某病原体的致病机制;为研究不同强弱毒株之间的毒力差异,寻找新的毒力基因。应用SSH技术,可以同时从病原体和宿主细胞两个层面进行基因表达差异研究。通过构建病原体表达的差减文库或宿主细胞的表达差异文库,分别寻找病原体或宿主细胞的差异表达基因,为进一步研究病原体在机体内引起的各种病变的分子机制,以及今后动物疫病的基因治疗及基因疫苗的研制奠定基础。     

胚胎移植传播疾病的研究

胚胎移植与传播疾病的研究概况胚胎移植技术的发展和越来越多的胚胎贸易推动了胚胎移植与传播疾病问题的研究。胚胎移植与传播疾病的研究起始于本世纪60年代。对实验动物的研究结果表明,有些疾病,特别是病毒病能感染胚胎,并能将病原体传给受体。     

Dual RNA-seq技术及其在宿主-病原体相互作用中的研究进展

利用转录组测序技术(RNA-seq)进行转录组分析是了解病原体入侵宿主分子变化的重要工具,与RNA-seq相比,Dual RNA-seq技术无需分离两物种,只需构建一个转录组文库,便能同时对两个(或多个)研究对象进行测序和分析,能够直观的揭示病原体和宿主相互作用过程中转录组学动态变化。同时还可以通过互作模型图获得物种间基因的调控关系,预测两物种相互作用的机制,被广泛应用到人类疾病和生物感染模型的相互作用研究中。为了解Dual RNA-seq技术及其在宿主-病原体相互作用研究中的前景,本文对Dual RNA-seq在宿主-病原体相互作用研究进展进行综述。     

核酸探针技术在禽病研究中的应用

核酸探针技术是近几年来随着分子生物学技术的迅速发展而建立起的一种新的检测技术,它灵敏度高,特异性强,且快速方便,开辟了临床诊断技术的新领域,广泛应用于疾病的诊断、病原体相关性研究等。在禽病研究中,核酸探针用于诊断疾病、比较毒株和研究病原菌感染机制方而的不少研究。在抗病育种方而,已将其作为导入的目的基因的主要检测手段之一。本文仅就核酸探针技术在禽病研究中的应用做一简述。     

同位素溯源技术在动物产品和饲料成分溯源中的应用

同位素溯源技术很早就应用于地质学、考古学、医学、环境科学等领域。该技术近年来被认为是追溯动物性产品产地来源和饲料来源的一种有效方法。本文综述了碳、氮同位素在动物产品和饲料成分溯源中的研究和应用,为肉类产品和饲料成分的溯源检测提供了技术支持。     

与哺乳动物胚胎有关的病原体

Singh 报道,胚胎传播疾病的可能性远比精液、活畜低,只有当病原体被精子带入配子内时才能通过受精感染胚胎。此外,怀孕母畜生殖道内有病原体存在时,胚胎可能受到感染。根据 Hare 的研究,如果病原体存在于胚胎     

多重PCR技术在寄生虫病诊断上的应用及其建立方法的浅析

对于未知病原体感染和多病原体的混合感染,应用常规PCR方法往往需要多次扩增筛选,相对费时、费力。而多重PCR能够在同一反应体系内扩增多个靶序列,可进行多病原体的快速鉴定。目前多重PCR技术已广泛应用于病毒性、细菌性疾病的临床诊断,在寄生虫病诊断方面,多重PCR的应用也日渐增多,应用前景广阔。     

转基因植物疫苗的研究应用

疫苗是能使人或其他生物获得主动免疫的含有死的或减毒的微生物（病原菌）。利用特定的死的或活的病原体,或者用致病力很弱的病原体所生毒素。或者用病原体分泌的其他物质作为抗原,以诱导人体或牲畜形成特定抗体、对特定疾病产生免疫活性、从而预防该病的发生和流行。应用常规技术生产疫苗存在着抗原来源困难、有副作用、不安全等问题。     

国家现代蜂产业技术体系蜂产品贡量溯源技术研究与示范会在成都召开

"蜂产品质量溯源技术研究与示范"在国家蜂产业技术体系和国家公益性行业(农业)专项项目支持下,由中国农业科学院蜜蜂研究所和中国农业科学院农业信息研究所专家组成的项目组,经过两年多的攻关研究,已初步形成了应用于我国蜂产品质量安全溯源的系列技术,并以成都综合试验站溯源试验点为平台进行了模拟实验,目前试运行正在进行中.     

蜂蜜产地溯源鉴别技术的探究

溯源研究技术的目的主要是探寻表征不同植物来源和地理来源的蜂蜜营养成分含量的特异性指标,包括元素含量、化学成分含量或是光谱数据差异等。本文旨在通过分析成熟蜂蜜的红外光谱数据,结合化学计量软件建立成熟蜂蜜产地溯源模型,与之前建立的溯源模型比较分析,达到完善和优化蜂蜜产地溯源模型的目的。     

The role of wildlife in transboundary animal diseases

This paper identifies some of the more important diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface and the role wildlife plays in disease transmission. Domestic livestock, wildlife and humans share many similar pathogens. Pathogens of wild or domestic animal origin that can cause infections in humans are known as zoonotic organisms and the converse are termed as anthroponotic organisms. Seventy-seven percent of livestock pathogens and 91% of domestic carnivore pathogens are known to infect multiple hosts, including wildlife. Understanding this group of pathogens is critical to public health safety, because they infect a wide range of hosts and are most likely to emerge as novel causes of infection in humans and domestic animals. Diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface, particularly those that are zoonotic, must be an area of focus for public health programs and surveillance for emerging infectious diseases. Additionally, understanding wildlife and their role is a vital part of understanding the epidemiology and ecology of diseases. To do this, a multi-faceted approach combining capacity building and training, wildlife disease surveillance, wildlife-livestock interface and disease ecology studies, data and information sharing and outbreak investigation are needed.     

Epidemiological analysis of tick-borne diseases in Zambia

Tick-borne diseases are a constraint to livestock production in many developing countries as they cause high morbidity and mortality, which results in decreased production of meat, milk and other livestock by-products. The most important tick-borne diseases of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa are East Coast fever (caused by Theileria parva), babesiosis (caused by Babesia bigemina and B. bovis), anaplasmosis (caused by Anaplasma marginale) and heartwater (caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium). Despite their economic importance, information on the epidemiology of these diseases in many countries, including Zambia, is often inadequate, making rational disease control strategies difficult to implement. In this study 18S and 16S rRNA gene PCR assays were used for a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of tick-borne disease of cattle in three provinces of Zambia (Lusaka, Central and Eastern). All the disease pathogens under study (T. parva, T. mutans, T. taurotragi, B. bovis, B. bigemina, Anaplasma spp and E. ruminantium) were prevalent in each of the provinces surveyed. However, variation was observed in prevalence between regions and seasons. There was no association between live vaccination against East Coast fever and being PCR positive for T. parva. A number of risk factors were shown to be associated with (a) the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in cattle and (b) cattle tick burdens in the wet season. A negative association was observed between the number of co-infecting pathogens and the erythrocyte packed cell volume (PCV) of carrier cattle.     

Specific immunoprophylaxis of some viral diseases in cattle

Specific immunoprophylaxis has played a key role in prevention and control of animal infectious diseases for many years. Vaccines are commonly used to diminish economic losses in animal production caused by infectious agents. Currently, respiratory diseases are the main health problem in cattle. BHV1, BRSV and BVD-MD viruses are among the most important pathogens worldwide. They can cause a disease themselves or they can be one of many agents causing a respiratory syndrome. The following article describes the specific immunoprophylaxis of cattle viral diseases caused by such viruses.     

The precorneal tear film in horses: its importance and disorders.

The precorneal tear film (PTF) is of critical importance in the physiologic and pathologic findings of the cornea. Clinicians should recall that quantitative and qualitative disorders of the PTF can be a cause of corneal diseases as well as a clinical sign of ocular surface diseases. It is also important to consider that some systemic and topical treatments may affect the PTF volume and composition. Not all interactions are known at this time. There is a continued need for basic research into PTF components in healthy and diseased equine eyes, because much remains unknown. Until additional basic information about the biochemical composition and pH of the PTF as well as the interactions between equine corneal pathogens and specific PTF deficits becomes available, it will not be possible to define the cause and effect relations precisely between the various ocular surface diseases and deficiencies,excesses, and imbalances of PTF components. It is quite possible that a number of equine corneal diseases may be manifestations of qualitative PTF disorders.     

Avoiding bites and scratches? Understanding the public health implication of human–bat interactions in Ghana

Zoonotic pathogens cause an estimated 70% of emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases in humans, affecting various aspects of human development on a global scale. The significance of bats as a source of emerging infectious diseases is being progressively appreciated. This study was undertaken post‐Ebola virus disease in West Africa and assessed the public health implications of human–bat interactions by exploring the reasons for contact between humans and bats, as well as reported actions taken upon experiencing bat bites or scratches. The paper highlights the nuances of human–bat interactions, stressing zoonotic disease risk awareness as well as the sources of information. The study used questionnaires to solicit information from 788 respondents in five communities with significant bat populations. We show that bat consumption was one of the main reasons for human–bat interactions. More men across the various communities ate bat meat. Only a small number of respondents (4.4%) reported being bitten by a bat, and 6.1% had been scratched by a bat. More than 21% had come into direct contact with bat blood. An even lower number went to the hospital after been bitten or scratched by bats. There was little knowledge on post‐exposure management. The most common places human–bat interactions occurred were at home and on farms. Seventy‐three per cent of the respondents believed that bats carried diseases, with Ebola virus disease being the most mentioned. Respondents indicated that the way they interacted with bats had not changed, even though they believed bats carried diseases and 46% stated that they had not changed the way they interacted with bats over the last two years. Apart from providing information on avoiding bites and scratches, a more holistic framework is needed to reduce human–bat interactions. The paper recommends a comprehensive and coordinated approach to optimizing an effective response to a potential bat‐borne zoonotic disease spillover.     

草坪褐斑病菌和镰刀枯萎病菌拮抗木霉菌的筛选及效果研究

通过木霉属5个菌株与草坪禾草褐斑病菌、草坪禾草镰刀枯萎病菌的对峙培养试验,发现哈茨木霉1、哈茨木霉2、深绿木霉、钩状木霉及桔绿木霉的抑菌效果很好,可以作为草坪镰刀枯萎病菌的生物防治拮抗菌加以利用。在这5株木霉中以哈茨木霉对草坪镰刀枯萎病菌的拮抗作用最强。     

合肥市草坪主要病害种类调查及病原鉴定

通过对安徽省合肥市植物园、市府广场、琥珀山庄、黄山路及高校校园等绿化草坪病害进行调查,并采集病害标本室内鉴定,明确了合肥市草坪以白粉病Blumeria graminis、锈病Pucciniaspp.、炭疽病Colleto-trichumspp、黑粉病Sphacelothecaspp.、丝核菌综合症Rhizoctonia solani为主要病害,尤其以锈病和丝核菌综合症发生范围广,危害重。同时针对这些草坪病害的发生特点提出了防治建议。     

肥大细胞在机体防御反应中的作用

肥大细胞的研究主要集中在过敏性痰病中,肥大细胞在机体抵御病原体感染中发挥着重要作用.肥大细胞除具有识别、吞噬并杀灭病原微生物的功能外,尚能加工、递呈抗原和调节免疫反应.肥大细胞有针对病原信号的特异性受体系统和介质.深入阐明肥大细胞在细菌和病毒感染中的作用和机制,不仅为天然免疫的研究开辟一个新领域,而且对感染性疾病的防治也有重要意义.     

Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis in small animals.

Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis affect animals living in temperate, tropical, and subtropical climates, and these diseases are often fatal. Although Pythium insidiosum, Conidiobolus species, and Basidiobolus species have been recognized as pathogens for several years, members of the genus Lagenidium have been identified as a cause of oomycosis in dogs only recently. Pythiosis, lagenidiosis, and zygomycosis share similar clinical and histologic characteristics, making them difficult to distinguish from one another; however, distinguishing between these pathogens is important because of differences in epidemiology, choice and duration of therapy, and prognosis.     

Infection control and biosecurity in equine disease control

Infectious diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in horses, along with economic costs and broader impacts associated with the loss of members of a species that generates income, acts as a working animal and is a companion. Endemic diseases continue to challenge, emerging diseases are an ever‐present threat and outbreaks can be both destructive and disruptive. While infectious diseases can never be completely prevented, measures can be introduced to restrict the entry of pathogens into a population or limit the implications of the presence of a pathogen. Objective research regarding infection control and biosecurity in horses is limited, yet a variety of practical infection prevention and control measures can be used. Unfortunately, infection control can be challenging, because of the nature of the equine industry (e.g. frequent horse movement) and endemic pathogens, but also because of lack of understanding or motivation to try to improve practices. Recognition of the basic concepts of infection control and biosecurity, and indeed the need for measures to control infectious diseases, is the foundation for successful infection prevention and control.