强化栽培条件下干湿灌溉对水稻生长的影响

在中国水稻研究所试验场研究了强化栽培条件下干湿灌溉对水稻生长的影响.结果表明:在强化栽培条件下采取干湿灌溉处理,在返青期、分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗开花期比对照分别节水1.4%、12.4%、9.0%和11.2%;水分生产效率达0.93 kg/m3,比CK处理提高34.2%;干4～5 d之后,再复水4～5 d,土壤氧化还原电位循环变化,有利于提高土壤氧化还原电位,改善土壤的通气状况,提高根系活力,促进大穗,穗粒致明显增加,单产平均提高6.9%.     

Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

Evaluation of ovum storage techniques for reproductive studies of fishes

Abstract– We compared dry masses of mature oocytes and ripe eggs from Etheostoma lynceum and Etheostoma caeruleum that were stored in varying concentrations of either formalin or isopropyl alcohol. In comparison to 10% formalin, alcohol significantly reduced the weights of both mature oocytes and ripe eggs, with 25% isopropyl alcohol resulting in much smaller reductions than 50% isopropanol. Three percent formalin resulted in smaller decreases in the masses of oocytes and eggs than the alcohol treatments, and not all comparisons with 10% formalin were significantly different. We recommend fixing specimens and storing them and gametic cells removed from them in 10% formalin. In cases where specimens or eggs in alcohol must be used in addition to material in formalin, correction factors (to formalin standard) should be developed, but the correction should not be made uncritically due to the varying effects alcohol may have among samples.     

未来气温和降水变化对山西冬小麦产量的影响

【目的】冬小麦是山西省重要的粮食作物，气候变化对冬小麦产量影响显著。利用模型模拟评估气候变化对山西省冬小麦产量的影响，为山西省冬小麦种植规划提供重要科学依据。【方法】利用山西省 2017—2018 年气象资料和 2018 年县级冬小麦产量数据，采用 DNDC 区域模拟方法，对山西省冬小麦种植区单产进行模拟和验证；模拟未来 8 种气候变化情景（温度上升 1、2℃，降水减少 20%、10% 以及温度和降水耦合）对冬小麦产量产生的影响。【结果】DNDC 模型可以较好模拟出山西省冬小麦产量整体水平（4 335.6 kg/hm2），总体平均误差为 4.63%，空间上的模拟误差主要由于山西省地形和气候差异导致。【结论】未来气候变化背景下，不同程度的增温对产量的影响不一，在温度平均升高 1℃情况下，山西省冬小麦单产下降 4.60%，而气温上升 2℃情景下，单产增加 16.44%；降水减少 10% 和 20% 情景下，产量均降低，说明水分依然是制约冬小麦产量的重要因子；但在增温和降水减少的耦合作用下产量增加 7.41%~15.84%。未来还需根据山西省种植特点，从轮作角度评估气候变化对农业的影响。     

Chemical composition and in sacco dry matter degradability of residue and by-products of palm fruit processing in the rumen of steers

The nutritive value of residue (palm calyx leaves (PCL)) and by-products (palm press fiber (PPF) and palm oil sludge (POS)) of palm fruit processing were studied through analysis of their chemical components and degradability of their dry matter (DM) in the rumen of steers. Chemical analysis showed that the materials have similar organic matter components (mean = 95.2%), while crude protein (CP, g/100 g) and metabolisable energy (ME, MJ/kg DM) were highest in POS (10.02 and 9.43), followed by PPF (7.02 and 8.61) and least in PCL (5.42 and 8.04). An opposite trend of CP and ME was noticed in NDF and ADF contents, being 61.53 and 49.11% in PCL, 44.84 and 32.08% in PPF and 25.35 and 20.29% in POS. Mineral contents showed that PPF and POS had the lowest and highest concentration, respectively, of Mg (0.07 vs. 0.11%), Cu (58.5 vs. 143.9 mg/kg) and Fe (1374.5 vs. 4086.0 mg/kg). Dry matter degradation characteristics and effective degradability varied significantly ( P  < 0.05) and were consistently highest in POS and least in PCL. Results have generally shown that the residue and by-products could be ranked for their potential feeding value as POS > PPF > PCL. It is concluded that POS and PPF can be harnessed directly as feed resources for ruminant animals, while PCL will require some treatments to enhance its nutritive value in ruminants.     

直接竞争ELISA检测氯霉素残留的方法建立及初步应用

用混合酸酐法合成氯霉素的CAP抗原,用过碘酸钠氧化法合成CAP酶标记抗原,用ELISA方法对合成的CAP抗原、CAP酶标记抗原进行鉴定表明其与抗CAP单克隆抗体具有特异性反应。在此基础上建立了包被二抗的直接竞争ELISA方法。特异性试验结果表明,CAP琥珀酸酯、CAP琥珀酸钠盐的交叉反应率分别为107%、106.4%;甲砜霉素、氟甲砜霉素与CAP的交叉反应率小于0.016%;与其他结构类似物间未见交叉反应。该方法对CAP的检测限可达到0.1μg/L,IC50为11.6μg/L,线性范围0.1～100μg/L,批内变异系数小于11.5%,批间变异系数小于19.6%。对猪肉、鸡肉、蜂蜜分别添加1.0、3.0、10.0、30.0μg/L CAP标准品,回收率61.0%～102.0%,变异系数为6.6%～15.8%;对猪肉、鸡肉、蜂蜜中CAP的最低检测限分别为0.48、0.42、1.20μg/kg。     

干热河谷旱坡地生态农业可持续发展探索与实践——以金沙江元谋干热河谷为例

依据干热河谷生态环境和自然资源的特点,结合生态农业在金沙江典型区域元谋干热河谷的实践经验和成果,分析、探讨了在干热河谷发展旱坡地生态农业的优势和必要性,并提出在该区域发展旱坡地生态农业存在的问题和对策,旨在为干热河谷区域的生态建设和农村经济的发展提供参考,并为干热河谷旱坡地生态农业的持续发展,实现生态、经济双赢目标寻求新路子。     

粮食购销改革的问题与对策

粮食购销体制改革被称为“跨世纪难题”。它曲曲折折,走走停停,踟蹰了18年。2003年粮改终于发生了一个飞跃,安徽省等地进行的粮食直补改革试点,实现了粮食购销的市场化。虽然这项改革尚存在有待于解决的问题,但不失为一项利国利民的高明之举。     

GROWTH AND IRON-MANGANESE RELATIONSHIPS IN DRY BEAN AS AFFECTED BY FOLIAR AND SOIL APPLICATIONS OF IRON AND MANGANESE IN A CALCAREOUS SOIL

Manganese (Mn) deficiency may be induced by adding large quantities of iron (Fe), provided that soil manganese is marginally deficient. Results of a greenhouse study showed that iron soil application did not influence shoot dry matter yield of dry bean due to the fact that the iron:manganese ratio in aerial parts of dry bean was higher than 0.4. A foliar spray of 2% iron sulfate significantly reduced it probably due to the high level of shoot iron and iron:manganese ratio greater than 4. Iron application decreased concentration/uptake of shoot manganese due to the iron-manganese antagonistic relationships. Mangenese soil application is not an effective method in correction of manganese deficiency induced by iron fertilizers. Iron did not affect root manganese uptake, indicating that manganese absorption was not affected by iron application. Both manganese/iron soil tests are recommended in calcareous soils with manganese soil test in marginal range.