不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布及产量的影响

【目的】探究不同滴灌灌溉制度对绿洲棉田土壤水热分布状况及对产量的影响。【方法】于2017年在策勒地区开展田间试验,设置了2种灌水模式:基于计算机模型的预报灌溉与基于土壤墒情的灌溉,每种灌水模式设置2种灌溉梯度:充分灌溉(100%)和非充分灌溉(75%的充分灌溉)。【结果】预报灌溉的土壤含水率和贮水量在花蕾与花铃期显著高于墒情灌溉;不同灌溉制度各剖面的土壤温度变化趋势一致,整个生育期的表层土壤平均温度表现为墒情亏缺最高,预报充分最低。作物产量在一定范围内随灌溉量的增加而增加,预报充分的产量较预报亏缺,墒情充分,墒情亏缺分别提高13.7%、12.1%、47.6%。水分利用效率表现为预报亏缺最高,且产量与预报充分的产量无显著差异。【结论】在策勒绿洲地区,预报亏缺灌溉可达到节水增产的目的。     

小区和田块尺度下水稻不同灌溉模式的节水减污效应分析

【目的】研究平原河网区不同尺度下水稻不同灌溉模式的节水和减污效应。【方法】于2017年在浙江平湖灌溉试验站选取水稻常规灌溉、节水灌溉、蓄雨节水灌溉3种模式在试验小区和田块2种尺度下开展对比试验,记录田间水量平衡过程并检测排水和渗漏水样中的TN、TP、NH_4^+-N、NO_3^--N的质量浓度变化。【结果】无论试验小区还是田块尺度,蓄雨节水灌溉的节水效果最好,较常规灌溉和节水灌溉减少了43.4%～87.7%的灌溉量,同时减污效果也最明显,TN排水负荷减少了22%～90%。不同尺度对比中,试验小区的田间管理水平更高,产量略高于田块尺度;小区田间水分控制更精确,灌排次数和水量较田块更多,蒸发蒸腾量和渗漏量则略少于田块。在减污效果上,单位面积下同种灌溉模式的田块的排水污染物负荷比试验小区低37%～57%,渗漏负荷比试验小区高4%～61%,由于排水污染物负荷要远大于渗漏污染物负荷,在总的污染物负荷上田块要小于小区。【结论】本试验中蓄雨节水灌溉模式取得了较好的节水减污效果,但是要注意蓄雨时间和高度,长时间的淹水可能会对水稻产量造成不利影响。     

滴灌系统中离心式过滤器应用研究

【目的】针对滴灌系统过滤器工作负荷过大及田间灌水器堵塞等问题,进一步提高生产中大量应用的离心式过滤器分离泥沙效率。【方法】介绍了离心式过滤器9大基本构件,并对进水口、溢流管口、底流管口、小锥管内部结构进行了设计,达到了提升过滤器工作效率、降低短路流机率和系统能耗、延长设备使用寿命等效果。【结果】运用基本通用理论将离心式过滤器分为除沙器和除泥器;并参考国家行业技术标准确定了除沙器和除泥器6种设备的直径、锥角等参数及分离标准能力。分析了离心式过滤器泥沙分离效率的主要影响因素,确定加压泵出口压力值完全满足分离细颗粒泥沙的技术要求。结合过滤器进水口前端泥沙级配情况,确定了滴灌系统离心过滤器两级溢流串联工作模式。【结论】以上成果可为离心式过滤器标准化设计、生产及应用提供一定参考依据。     

稻田不同灌溉模式的节水减污效应分析——以浙江平湖为例

【目的】研究不同灌溉模式下水稻的节水及减污效应,探寻适合平原河网区的水稻节水灌溉模式。【方法】在浙江平湖灌溉试验站设定常规灌溉、薄露灌溉和适雨灌溉3种模式,测定了灌溉量以及排水和渗漏水样中的TN、TP、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N和COD等。【结果】适雨灌溉灌水量相较于常规灌溉和薄露灌溉分别减少了67.4%和43.4%,节水效果最好;适雨灌溉排水量最少,相较于常规灌溉和薄露灌溉,适雨灌溉TN排放量分别减少了86.9%和90.7%,NH_4~+-N排放量减少了96.7%和98.3%,COD排放量减少了61.5%和62.5%,TP和NO_3~--N的减排效果不明显。【结论】在本研究条件下,适雨灌溉的节水减污效果更好。     

不同亏缺灌溉方式对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】优选适宜的小麦节水灌溉模式。【方法】采用田间小区试验,以生育期内灌越冬水、拔节水和开花水为对照(CK),设置了3种不同的亏缺灌溉模式:浇拔节水和开花水(T1)、拔节水+开花水隔畦交替灌溉(T2)、返青水+孕穗水+开花水隔畦交替灌溉(T3)。在拔节期和开花期,测定了小麦光合速率、蒸腾速率、棵间蒸发量、干物质量,并测定了小麦的产量和水分利用效率。【结果】T1处理小麦的光合速率与CK无显著差异,但蒸腾速率显著低于CK。在T2、T3处理中,干区、湿区的光合速率与CK也无显著差异,但干区小麦的蒸腾速率显著低于CK和湿区。各处理棵间蒸发量均显著低于CK。T2、T3处理中干区小麦的棵间蒸发量均显著低于湿区。T1处理提高了小麦花后干物质积累量,但花前干物质转移量减少。T2、T3处理湿区小麦花后干物质积累量高于CK,但花前干物质转移量显著低于CK。T2、T3处理干区小麦花后干物质积累量均显著低于湿区,但花前干物质转移均高于湿区小麦。T1、T2和T3处理对小麦产量没有显著影响,但均显著减少灌溉水量和作物的耗水量。【结论】3种时空亏缺灌溉模式均显著提高了小麦灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率。     

滴灌施肥下水肥用量对温室土壤硝态氮残留的影响

【目的】通过水肥管理达到减少温室土壤硝态氮残留、维持土壤质量的目的,探求温室土壤硝态氮残留与水肥用量的关系。【方法】在滴灌施肥条件下,以灌水量和氮、磷、钾及有机肥用量为试验因素,根据当地日光温室番茄长季节栽培实际中的水肥用量,设计各试验因子的水肥水平,采用五元二次通用旋转组合设计进行试验。拉秧后测定耕层土壤硝态氮量,建立土壤硝态氮量与水肥因子间的数学模型,据此分析了各单因子效应及二因素的耦合效应。【结果】施氮量对土壤硝态氮残留量影响最大,施磷量、灌水量和施钾量次之,有机肥用量最小。当其他因子为0水平时,土壤硝态氮残留量随氮肥用量的增多而增加,随施磷量呈开口向上的抛物线变化,随灌水量、施钾量以及有机肥用量呈开口向下的抛物线变化。灌水量及氮、磷、钾和有机肥用量对土壤硝态氮残留产生的影响程度随其他因子的水平而变,存在明显交互作用。模型寻优显示:灌水量455.1～471.5 mm,施氮量532.3～586.5 kg/hm2,施磷量420.8～466.4 kg/hm2,施钾量646.1～723.5 kg/hm2,有机肥用量25.6～27.9 t/hm2,耕层土壤硝态氮量可维持在100～150 mg/kg的较低水平。【结论】温室菜地土壤硝态氮残留量相对较大,可以通过优化水肥用量来减少土壤硝态氮的残留,故在滴灌施肥条件下仍需严格控制水肥用量。     

不同灌水条件下施氮量对滴灌夏棉冠层指标的影响

[目的]揭示施氮量对滴灌夏棉冠层指标的调控作用。[方法]设置3个灌水水平(滴灌,灌水定额30、22.5、15mm,分别记为I1、I2、I3)和5个氮素水平(0、60、120、180、240kg/hm2,分别记为N0、N1、N2、N3、N4),研究了不同灌水条件下施氮量对株高、叶面积指数、叶片含氮量和比叶重的影响。[结果]I2条件下,株高和叶面积指数随施氮量增加呈不断增加趋势,施氮量为240kg/hm2时达到最大。I1和I3条件下,增加施氮量,株高和叶面积指数先增加后减小,在施氮量为60或120kg/hm2的处理达到最大。夏棉比叶重和叶片含氮量随着生育期推进分别呈不断上升和不断下降趋势,5个施氮水平下夏棉叶片比叶重均表现为I1相似文献   

土壤基质势调控对温室滴灌番茄土壤水分分布和产量的影响

【目的】指导设施蔬菜生产中科学合理地利用滴灌技术进行灌溉。【方法】采用小区试验的方法,以冬春茬番茄为研究对象,布置了7个不同土壤基质势阈值的试验,在番茄开花坐果期和结果期分别控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势在-15和-15 kPa(S1)、-15和-30 kPa(S2)、-15和-45 kPa(S3)、-25和-25 kPa(S4)、-30和-15 kPa(S5)、-30和-30 kPa(S6)以及-30和-45 kPa(S7),研究了日光温室滴灌土壤基质势调控下土壤水分随时间变化及空间分布的规律,以及番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率等。【结果】①控制滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势可以明显影响0～100 cm深度土壤水分状况。②在番茄开花坐果期,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-30 kPa或更高时,番茄根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分基本不变,0～60 cm深度土壤体积含水率平均为28.6%,为田间持水率的84%,60～100 cm土壤体积含水率平均为36.2%,为田间持水率的90%。③番茄进入结果期后,当土壤基质势阈值控制在-25～-15 kPa时,整个土体土壤含水率基本保持在田间持水率的77%～91%,根系主要吸收利用0～60 cm深度以上范围的土壤水分,70 cm深度以下土壤水分消耗缓慢;当土壤基质势阈值降低到-45～-30 kPa时,根系吸收利用到80～100 cm深度的土壤水分,整个土体土壤含水率不断降低,降低到田间持水率的60%～66%。④不同处理番茄产量、畸形果率和灌溉水利用效率有明显差异,其中S3和S7处理番茄产量高,S5处理产量低;S1、S3和S4处理的畸形果率大,S6和S7处理的畸形果率低;S1处理的灌溉水利用效率最低,S7处理的灌溉水利用效率最高。【结论】日光温室少量高频滴灌条件下,当滴头正下方20 cm深度土壤基质势阈值开花坐果期控制在-30 kPa、结果期控制在-45 kPa时,整个土体土壤水分状况基本良好,番茄的产量高,畸形果率低,灌溉水利用效率高。     

Enhancement of Depleted Loam Soil as Well as Cucumber Productivity Utilizing Biochar Under Water Stress

Biochar has recently received increased attention because it improves poor soil fertility. However, its potentiality to enhance soil physical properties under water stress conditions not yet deeply investigated. Hence, extensive field investigations were carried out to study the effects of biochar addition (BA) with deficit irrigation (DI) on soil bulk density (BD), porosity percentage (P%), soil moisture content (SMC%), soil hydraulic conductivity (K), cucumber yield and water use efficiency (WUE) during two consecutive seasons (2016 and 2017). The biochar treatments were B₀ (0 ton ha^?1), B₁ (10 ton ha^?1and B₂ (20 ton ha^?1), while the DI treatments were 1.0 (W₁), 0.60 (W₂) and 0.40 (W₃) of the reference evapotranspiration (ET₀). The parameters were measured at soil depths of 0–10 (d₁), 10–20 (d₂) and 20–30 cm (d₃) for measurement periods of before sowing (P₁), mid-season (P₂) and after harvest (P₃). The results showed that the B₂W₁ combination gave the highest yield (57 and 45.2 t ha^?1), WUE (10.94 and 11.27 kg m^?3), SMC (39.2 and 40.1%) in both seasons, respectively. The B₂W₃ had the highest porosity (47.5 and 46.1%) values at the d₁. Meanwhile, the lowest soil BD values of 1.1 and 1.05 g cm^?3 were obtained by the B₂W₁ at d₁ for 2.16 and 2017, respectively. Statistically, most of the parameters studied under B₂W₂ and B₀W₁ had non-significant differences between them. Hence, the addition of biochar with DI could be an integrated approach to address the drought stress, while enhancing soil and plant properties.     

Effects of Different Irrigation Levels and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF), Photosynthesis Activator,Traditional Fertilizer on Yield and Growth Parameters of Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) in Arid Climatic Conditions

A field experiment has been conducted to determine the effects of different irrigation water and AMF (Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi) biofertilizer, photosynthesis activator and traditional fertilizer dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) on yield and growth parameters in Nevsehir Province of Turkey in 2015. The experiment has been carried out using three replications in a split plot design with three different irrigation types as main plots and AMF biofertilizer (ERS), photosynthesis activator (Multigreen-Mg), traditional fertilization (TF-Control), ERS + Mg, ERS + TF and TF + Mg applied as subplots. The number of pods per plant, the length of pods, the number of grains per pod, the weight of grains per plant, the yield of grains, 1000 seed weight, the number of grains per plant, protein yield, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi rate have been evaluated as yield and growth criteria in the study. In the experiment, as well as the treatment x irrigation interaction, the plant height, pod number per plant, pod lenght, grain number per pod, grain weight per plant, grain yield, 1000 seed weight, grain number per plant, protein rate/grain, protein yield, root weight and AMF colonization parameters, were the other studied properties that were found to be significant. The results obtained were 877.6 mm for I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment, 512.2 mm for I₅₀ irrigation treatment and 40.19 mm water for I₃₀ irrigation treatment. Regarding the growth parameters of dry bean, the highest PH was in ERS + Mg (67.66 cm), the lowest PH was in ERS (54.33 cm); In I₅₀, the highest Plant Height (PH) was in ERS + Mg (65.66 cm), the lowest PH was in TF-Control (53.00 cm); and in I₃₀, the highest PH was in TF-Control (50.66 cm), and the lowest PH was again in ERS + Mg (44.33 cm). For protein yield (PY) value, ERS + Mg, ERS + TF, TF + Mg have been placed in the same group, in I₁₀₀ and I₅₀ irrigation treatment. The highest value was ERS + TF (34.90 kg da^?1) in I₁₀₀, The lowest value was TF-control (19.90 kg da^?1) in I₃₀ irrigation treatment. In terms of mycorrhiza colonization ratio, ERS has been ranked first in all irrigation treatments, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization has been observed in I₃₀ irrigation treatment (26.30%). ERS was followed by ERS + Mg (23.33%). As expected, the lowest mycorrhiza colonization ratio in all irrigation treatments have been observed in TF-control treatment, while the highest mycorrhiza colonization ratio has been respectively observed in I₃₀ and I₅₀ irrigation topics. The highest root weight (RW) in I₁₀₀ irrigation treatment was observed in ERS (15.06 g plant^?1) and it was observed in ERS (19.05 g plant^?1; 26.30 g plant^?1) in I₅₀ and I₃₀ irrigation treatments. The lowest RW in all irrigation treatments has been observed in TF + Mg (4.43 g plant^?1, 6.40 g plant^?1, 10.26 g plant^?1), respectively.