龙眼成花与抗氧化防御体系关系研究

以石硖龙眼为材料,通过低温诱导、氧化胁迫、自然低温+药剂处理试验,探讨龙眼成花和抗氧化防御之间的相关性。结果表明,氧化胁迫处理或低温+NO/H2O2促进剂处理均有利于龙眼早花。NO促进剂可抑制成花后期龙眼顶芽POD活性,H2O2清除剂可促使POD和SOD活性大幅上升,表明氧化胁迫信号正调控龙眼成花,而氧化防御体系负调控龙眼成花。     

海洋贝类体液防御机制的研究进展

近几年，随着人们将海洋贝类作为食物的兴趣日益浓厚，科学家们对贝类及其防御机制的研究也越来越深入，对它们在生态、社会、经济、营养等方面的作用以及它们的致病微生物的特性进行了大量研究。双壳贝类由于其滤食习性，使它们体内蓄积了大量细菌，成为人类致病菌的积极携带者。因此，研究贝类与微生物之间的相互作用对维护人类健康有重要意义。     

人参根系分泌物对其根源愈伤组织生长及保护酶活性的影响

以人参根源愈伤组织为受体,分析了无土栽培条件下收集的人参原生根系分泌物的自毒作用。结果表明:人参根系分泌物可抑制愈伤组织的生长,且随处理浓度增加,抑制活性增强,质量浓度为200 mg/L时,生物量降低56.1%,与对照差异显著;可影响受体抗逆酶活性强弱及变化趋势,短时间或低浓度处理下,酶活性增加,其中超氧化物歧化酶活性增加幅度最大,其次为过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶,而长时间或中高浓度处理后,酶活性均显著降低,同时3种酶原有的协调作用关系及平衡被破坏。人参原生根系分泌物具有化感自毒活性,对受体抗逆酶系统的显著影响是人参根系分泌物化感活性的重要表现。     

南洞庭湖区农业气象灾害研究及防灾减灾对策

地处南洞庭湖区的湘阴县是农业气象灾害多发地,对主要粮食水稻生产安全构成了一定的威胁。利用湘阴国家基本气象站1971-2010年近40年的气象资料分析气象灾害发生的气候背景和概率、影响特点,建议加强设施农业建设,做好防灾减灾应对,突出农业气象灾害防御体系建设,使农业生产不断地趋利避害。该研究为做好县级为农气象预报服务奠定了一定的基础。     

Plant pathogen protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can confer protection to host plants against some root pathogens, and several mechanisms for these phenomena have been proposed. If AM fungal taxa vary in the ways that they limit the negative effects of pathogens on host plants, additive and/or synergistic interactions among members of diverse AM fungal assemblages and communities may result in a greater pathogen protection than is currently predicted. However, in a review of the literature on interactions between AM and pathogenic fungi, we found few examples that compared the effectiveness of single- and multi-species AM fungal assemblages. Here, we briefly recount the generally recognized mechanisms of pathogen protection by AM fungi and present evidence, where appropriate, for functional diversity among AM fungal taxa with regard to these mechanisms. We propose that functional complementarity of AM fungal taxa in interactions with pathogens could mimic, or even be the cause of, previously observed relationships between AM fungal diversity and plant productivity.     

奶牛乳腺先天防御机理的研究进展

综述了近年来奶牛乳腺先天防御机理的研究进展,分析了奶牛的固有防御机理、诱导型防御机理和细胞征募防御机理,对了解和预防奶牛乳腺炎的发生具有一定的参考和应用价值.     

Molecular characerization of the interaction between the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum and tomato

The fungus Cladosprium fulvum is a biotrophic leaf pathogen of tomato. The fungus develops in the intercellular space without forming specialized feeding structures and does not affect the leaf tissue. The outcome of the C. fulvum-tomato interaction can be described by the gene-for-gene model. Failure of infection is expressed by a hypersensitive response. Two fungal proteins, ECP1 and ECP2, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. In a compatible interaction including many physiological races ECP1 and ECP2 are highly produced and a role in pathogenicity is suggestive. The ecp1 gene shows some homology with tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) while the ecp2 gene shows no homology with sequences known in data bases. However, disruption of one of the two genes showed no reduced pathogenicity of the fungus. Two race-specific elicitors, AVR4 and AVR9, have been isolated and their corresponding genes have been cloned. The avirulence genes Avr4 and Avr9 are only present in C. fulvum avirulent on Cf-4 and Cf-9 cultivars, respectively. The expression of these two genes is, like the expression of the ecp genes, highly induced when the fungus grows in planta. Disruption of the Avr9 gene in wild type avirulent races leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the complementary resistance gene Cf-9. A single base-pair change in the avirulence gene Avr4 leads to virulence on tomato genotypes carrying the Cf-4 resistance gene. Isolation, characterization and possible function of ECP1, ECP2, AVR4, and AVR9 will be discussed.     

水分胁迫对几种球根花卉生理指标的影响

通过PEG-6000根际模拟土壤水分胁迫的方法,对郁金香、风信子和欧洲水仙3种球根花卉的幼苗进行了胁迫处理,测定了其叶片相对含水量(RWC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、叶片细胞膜相对透性及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)3种保护酶活性的变化。结果表明,随着水分胁迫强度的增加,3种球根花卉各生理指标均有不同程度的变化,其中欧洲水仙叶片相对含水量的变化幅度小,MDA含量及细胞膜相对透性较低且变化幅度较小,3种酶的活性在水分胁迫结束时均高于处理前;郁金香和风信子叶片相对含水量的变化幅度较大,MDA含量及细胞膜相对透性较高且变化幅度较大,3种酶的活性在水分胁迫结束时均低于处理前。综合分析后得出,3种球根花卉中以欧洲水仙对干旱的适应力最强,初步认为其可作为干旱地区的庭院美化植物。     

胡蜂与蜜蜂的防御行为研究

 在19.4℃气温条件下,选择东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂各3群进行蜜蜂激怒时的结团温度的试验研究,刺激物分别为半导体点温仪器的铜线头和活体胡蜂,在蜂群内放入刺激物后每隔15 s做一次温度记录。结果发现,在东方蜜蜂群内,蜂群对两种刺激物的结团蜜蜂数在25～32只之间;温度在210 s左右的时间内分别达到44.6 ℃和45.0 ℃,其中,刺激物为铜线头的结团温度最高可以达到45.0 ℃, 而刺激物为活体胡蜂的结团温度最高可以达到45.6 ℃;在西方蜜蜂群内,蜂群对两种刺激物的结团蜜蜂数在18～26只之间;蜂群对两种刺激物的结团温度在210 s左右的时间内分别达到42.2 ℃和 44.1 ℃,其中刺激物为铜线头的结团温度最高可以达到42.7 ℃,而刺激物为活体胡蜂的结团温度最高可以达到44.4 ℃.在恒温箱的耐温试验里,20 min内,黑盾胡蜂的最高耐温极限温度为46 ℃,而东方蜜蜂和西方蜜蜂的最高耐温极限温度却分别为51 ℃和52 ℃.另外, 选择云南高原温带型东方蜜蜂和云南低海拔热带型东方蜜蜂各2群,在蜂箱门口用活体黑盾胡蜂（Vespa velutina）干扰蜜蜂采集活动,干扰的时间分别为3 min,6 min和12 min. 每 min为一计数单位,记录蜜蜂采集蜂飞出的数量。结果发现:蜜蜂采集蜂飞出的数量随干扰时间的增加而明显下降,干扰的时间越长,蜜蜂采集蜂恢复到正常数量的时间就越长;高原温带型东方蜜蜂和低海拔热带型东方蜜蜂在胡蜂干扰时的在数量变化有着明显的差异,后者对胡蜂的干扰比前者更为敏感(P<0.05）。     

防御酶系对山茶灰斑病诱导抗性的响应

为揭示水杨酸(SA)诱导山茶产生抗病性反应机制,采用琼脂平板法测定了SA对山茶灰斑病菌Pestalotiopsis guepinii ( Desm.) Stey的影响.结果表明,浓度为0～5 mmol/L的SA对该菌的生长没有抑制作用.用SA喷雾涂布叶片诱导山茶抗性,其植株内过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO )、过氧化氮酶(CAT)、苯丙氛酸解氨酶(PAL)等防御酶时山茶灰斑病菌诱导信号有不同响应.诱导并挑战接种处理的植株体内上述酶活性比只诱导不接种处理上升速度快,不同浓度的SA诱导及诱导后挑战接种植株体内的POD,PPO,CAT,PAL活性与SA浓度呈正相关.各防御酶活性与感病指数的相关性分析表明,CAT活性与感病指数显著负相关(r = - 0.9730),除PPO与感病指数的相关系数很低外,其它酶均较高,尽管未达到显著水平,但仍说明POD,PAL在诱导山茶抗病性中具有重要作用.