相关防御酶对人参锈腐病诱导抗性的响应

 为明确水杨酸(SA)对人参抗人参锈腐病的诱导作用,本研究首先采用琼脂平板法测定了SA对人参锈腐病菌(Cylindrocarpon destructans)生长的影响。然后用SA溶液处理二年生人参移栽苗,温室接种人参锈腐病菌,测定了人参根内防御酶系活性（PAL,CAT,PPO,POD）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性的动态变化。结果表明:浓度为0~200 mg·L^-1 的SA溶液对人参锈腐病菌无直接抑制作用。但SA溶液处理后,人参锈腐病发病率较直接接种处理的下降30%,人参根系PAL、CAT、PPO、POD活性较对照均表现上升趋势,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶和几丁质酶活性也较对照增强,并且经SA诱导后接种锈腐菌的人参体内上述酶活性比只诱导不接种处理上升速度快。这表明SA处理可以改变人参根部相关防御酶的活性,从而提高人参对人参锈腐病的抗性。     

枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05对小麦抗病性相关防御酶系的诱导作用

本文研究了生防菌枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05和病原菌小麦全蚀病菌GGT007对小麦体内防御酶活性的影响,探讨其诱导小麦抗病性机理。以苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)5种防御酶作为小麦抗病性反应指标,于不同时段测定各防御酶活性;以PD培养基为对照,测定生防菌YB-05及小麦全蚀病菌GGT007对小麦叶片和根部抗性相关酶的影响。结果表明,小麦经生防菌与病原菌混合处理、病原菌处理、生防菌处理后,叶片和根部与植物防御抗病相关的PPO、POD、SOD、PAL、CAT防御酶活性均比对照组高,其中生防菌与病原菌混合处理后抗性相关酶活最高,叶片中PAL、POD、SOD、PPO、CAT酶活峰值达到46.705、16 829.274、104.687、97.44和1 259.565U/g,为对照组的1.74、2.44、2.27、2.40和2.42倍。根部PAL、POD、SOD、PPO、CAT酶活峰值达到131.536、56 424.79、1 977.04、22.564和206.241U/g,为对照组的1.65、1.52、2.57、2.07、1.74倍。表明枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05和小麦全蚀病菌GGT007均能诱导小麦叶片和根部的防御酶活性增强,两者共同处理后小麦叶片和根部5种防御酶活性高于单独处理,说明枯草芽胞杆菌YB-05和小麦全蚀病菌GGT007共同诱导具有协同增效作用。     

茉莉酸甲酯对水稻白叶枯病的诱导抗性及相关防御酶活性的影响

为探索茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)诱导水稻抗白叶枯病的效应,采用MeJA喷雾处理剪叶接种法,测定MeJA对水稻幼苗的白叶枯病病情指数、白叶枯病病菌Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae的抑菌效果及对叶片过氧化物酶(peroridase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalnaine ammonialyase,PAL)等相关防御酶活性的影响.0.05 ～ 2.0 mmol/L的MeJA能降低水稻幼苗白叶枯病的病情指数,但对水稻白叶枯病菌无直接抑菌活性;0.1 mmol/L MeJA的诱导效果最好,处理48h后,感病品种温229和抗病品种嘉早312的诱导效果分别为73.18％和70.43％;0.05 ～2.0mmol/L的MeJA处理水稻叶片中POD、CAT、SOD、PPO和PAL活性呈上升趋势.研究表明MeJA能诱导水稻幼苗对白叶枯病的抗性,且诱导抗性的产生与MeJA提高水稻相关防御酶的活性有关.     

茉莉酸甲酯调控防御酶活性诱导猕猴桃果实抗采后软腐病

以‘金魁’猕猴桃果实为试验材料,研究茉莉酸甲酯(methyl jasmonate,MeJA)调控防御酶活性抗猕猴桃采后软腐病的效应。测定了MeJA对猕猴桃软腐病病斑直径、软腐病菌Botryosphaeria dothidea抑菌作用及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)等防御酶活性的影响。结果表明:在0.001～10 mmol/L浓度范围内,MeJA对猕猴桃软腐病菌B.dothidea的抑制作用随浓度升高而增强;MeJA对猕猴桃果实最佳诱导浓度和熏蒸时间分别为0.1 mmol/L和24 h,其诱导效果分别为26.01%和26.85%;猕猴桃果实经0.1 mmol/L MeJA熏蒸处理24 h后,SOD、POD、CAT、APX和PPO活性提高,其中SOD和POD活性分别较对照增加33.85%和61.61%,差异达显著水平(P0.05)。以上结果暗示MeJA诱导猕猴桃果实抗采后软腐病可能与其提高防御酶活性有关。     

硅对瓠瓜酚类物质代谢的影响及与抗白粉病的关系

研究了硅酸盐和诱导接种白粉菌对瓠瓜叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性的动态变化和木质素含量的影响.结果表明,诱导接种提高了瓠瓜叶片的PAL、PPO、POD活性,加硅后接种处理植株叶片酶活性更明显增加;接种后瓠瓜叶片中木质素含量增加,加硅处理植株叶片木质素含量是不加硅处理的1.43倍.说明酚类物质代谢在植物抗病机制中起着重要作用,硅能提高酚类代谢的酶活性.1.7mmol/L的硅能显著降低瓠瓜白粉病的病情指数,提高其对白粉病的抗病能力.     

不同品种香蕉抗枯萎病效果及抗性生理研究

通过盆栽试验研究了向土壤中接种尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种(FocTR4)后不同抗枯萎病香蕉品种发病率、根际可培养微生物及防御酶活性的变化。结果表明:试验处理中香蕉枯萎病发病率随着FocTR4接种浓度的增加而上升,但在相同浓度处理下,抗病品种发病率显著低于感病品种;各品种香蕉发病率与根际土壤可培养镰刀菌数量均呈显著正相关关系。抗病品种过氧化物酶(POD)、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性高于感病品种,而与多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性存在一定的相关性。说明香蕉抗病性与香蕉根际土壤微生物群落结构及香蕉本身防御酶活性有关。     

BTH诱导花椰菜对菌核病的抗性研究

 利用苯并噻二唑BTH处理菌核病抗性不同的花椰菜品种幼苗, 采用营养生长期活体叶片菌丝块接种鉴定法评价菌核病抗性诱导效果,结果表明经BTH处理的植株菌核病病情指数明显下降, 对感病品种和抗病品种的诱抗效果分别达到81.5%和63.8%。对于花椰菜重要的防御酶活性变化研究结果表明,BTH诱导处理的花椰菜植株过氧化物酶（POD）、抗坏血酸酶( SOD )、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）和多酚氧化酶( PPO)的活性均有所提高。同时病程相关蛋白几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性也增加。 利用半定量RT-PCR方法检测防御反应基因表达,结果表明BTH诱导首先激发了植株 PR-1等基因参与的水杨酸信号传导防御反应途径的发生,同时PDF1.2 基因的上调表达说明BTH诱导也影响了茉莉酸信号传导途径。     

根肿病菌侵染时期与浓度对寄主生长特性及抗性的影响

[目的]为探讨根肿病菌接种浓度与时期对寄主发病的交互作用及根肿病菌侵染后寄主的抗性响应.[方法]通过苗期盆栽试验,系统地研究了接种根肿病菌浓度(105、106、107、108 cfu/mL)及时期(0、10、20 d)对白菜发病率及防御酶活性的影响.[结果]发病率及病情指数与接种根肿病菌浓度呈正相关,108 cfu/mL为最佳侵染浓度,白菜幼苗出现第一片真叶后10 d接种侵染效果最佳.根肿病侵染后,根肿病发病程度与呼吸速率和气孔导度呈正相关,根系活力随病情指数先升高后降低,植株受根肿病侵染后光合作用降低,呼吸作用增强,植物生长受抑制;防御酶POD、PAL、PPO与发病率呈负相关,丙二醛含量与发病率呈正相关,植株抵抗病害能力降低.[结论]研究为根肿病的侵染和防控提供参考.     

半夏防御酶系对Fusarium oxysporum和Phytophthora parasitica侵染的动态反应

尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht)和寄生疫霉(Phytophthora parasitica Dastur)分别为引起半夏块茎腐烂病和疫病的病原,为探索半夏在受到这2种病原侵染时的生理生化反应,采用室内盆栽方法,研究超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)5种寄主防御酶活性在块茎腐烂病和疫病发生过程中的变化趋势。结果表明,半夏在接种2种病原菌后,分别于第2天和第3天出现发病症状,第5天病情指数分别高达70.3、70.6;SOD活性都于接种后第1天达到高峰,POD活性都于接种后第3天达到高峰,CAT活性都于接种后第2天达到高峰,PAL活性分别于接种后第2天和第3天达到高峰,而PPO活性分别于接种后第3天和第4天有小幅上升。初步表明,在寄主显症之前或发病初期酶活性达到高峰的SOD、POD、CAT、PAL在半夏抗病生理机制中起着重要作用,在半夏抗病种质筛选时需要重点关注。     

玉米抵御玉蜀黍尾孢菌侵入的生理机制

为深入探讨玉米抗灰斑病的机制,以抗/感玉米灰斑病自交系78599-1、OH43Ht N和掖478、K12为材料,采用比色皿法和RT-PCR法相结合研究了接种玉蜀黍尾孢菌毒素后玉米叶片中防御酶活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及防御酶合成相关基因SOD、CAT、APX和GR的表达量。结果显示,接种该病菌毒素后,抗、感材料叶片中防御酶活性均升高,多数在接种7 d时达到峰值,且抗病材料防御酶活性峰值高于感病材料;供试材料叶片中MDA含量均降低,且抗病材料低于感病材料;供试材料叶片中SOD、CAT和GR的表达量均上升,其中CAT的表达量在78599-1、掖478和K12接种5d时达到峰值,灰度值分别为228.67、161.33和178.00,与其酶活性变化趋势一致;SOD和GR的变化规律与其酶活性变化不一致;APX的表达量仅在OH43Ht N中上升,接种7 d后达到峰值。表明抗病材料调控防御酶活性的能力强,防御酶基因的表达与其酶活性变化存在关联性。     

三种化学物质诱导观赏百合对黑斑病抗性的研究

［目的］ 确定水杨酸、纳米硅、草酸铵等3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病抗病性的诱导效果,为百合生长期病害的防治提供理论依据。［方法］ 测定3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌的抑菌活性和诱导寄主抗性效果。［结果］3种化学物质对观赏百合黑斑病菌抑菌率较低,最高仅为5.43%,但处理百合叶片后,诱导百合产生较高抗病性。在100、50 μg/mL和25 μg/mL浓度下,纳米硅的诱导抗病效果最好,分别为55.55%、60.69%、48.57%。水杨酸诱导处理可使观赏百合叶片β-1,3-葡聚糖酶在第1 天达到峰值,纳米硅可以使过氧化物酶在第5天达到峰值,草酸铵可以使苯丙氨酸解氨酶在第5天达到峰值,分别为对照的3.95倍、2.10倍和1.15倍;先诱导处理再接种黑斑病菌1 d后叶片组织内β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、过氧化物酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性均明显高于对照;水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵处理7 d后田间诱导防病效果分别为35.38%、43.55%和31.07%;处理14 d后,与第7天相比诱导防病效果明显降低。［结论］水杨酸、纳米硅和草酸铵3种化学物质对百合均有一定诱导抗病作用,其中纳米硅酸的诱导抗病效果最好,可达到48%以上。     

诱导剂对番木瓜环斑病毒病的防治效果

为了探讨水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯和壳聚糖对番木瓜环斑病毒病的病情指数和防治效果的影响,在番木瓜上喷施不同浓度的诱导剂,然后在叶腋处接种番木瓜环斑病毒,观察和记录番木瓜的病情指数,计算其防治效果.结果表明,诱导剂提高了番木瓜对环斑病毒病的抗性,其中水杨酸的效果优于茉莉酸甲酯和壳聚糖.水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯和壳聚糖的最佳施用浓度分别为50 mg/L、0.05 mmol/L和1％,最佳防治效果则分别为77.19％、53.11％和22.95％.水杨酸、茉莉酸甲酯、壳聚糖与对照之间的防治效果差异极显著,3种诱导剂在最佳浓度下防治效果差异极显著.50 mg/L水杨酸对番木瓜环斑病毒病防治效果最佳,在生产上施用具有一定的经济效益.     

水杨酸不同施用方式对诱导烟草抗病性的影响

本研究比较了以0.25、0.50和0.75mol/L水杨酸(SA)进行喷施、穿刺和化学农药防治烟草病害对田间烟草抗病性的影响。结果表明:外源喷施SA和吸附SA插签两种给药方式均能诱导烟草产生对烟草番茄斑萎病、黑胫病、普通花叶病、野火病和赤星病的抗性。SA诱导的抗性具有广谱性,且防效随着施用浓度的增加而增加,在0.75mol/L时达到最大。相同浓度下,SA穿刺处理对烟草的抗性诱导较喷施处理更佳。处理后,随时间的推移,喷施SA处理抗性诱导呈逐渐降低的趋势,而SA穿刺处理,对烟株的抗性诱导作用在处理后第20~30天达到最大,在后期对烟草番茄斑萎病、野火病以及赤星病的抗性诱导作用显著高于对照(P0.05)。综合分析表明,SA穿刺施药技术对烟株病害具有广谱性、持久性以及安全性等特点,能保持高抗性诱导作用40d以上,并能有效减少农药使用量和次数,降低烟叶原料农药残留,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

水杨酸诱导水稻幼苗抗瘟性的生化机制

 以0.01mM水杨酸(SA)喷雾处理或稻瘟菌孢子悬浮液接种稻苗后,叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和定位于细胞不同部位的过氧化物酶(POD),特别是与细胞壁结合的POD和细胞间隙POD的活性迅速升高,但没有明显的新POD同功酶带出现。同时叶片中木质素含量迅速增加。在SA处理后的稻叶中提取到能抑制稻瘟菌分生孢子萌发、含有Momilactone A的抑菌物质,并检测到分子量分别为48、52、59、106.5KDa的碱性病程相关蛋白(PRs)。这些生化指标的时序变化与SA诱导抗瘟性的表现相吻合。对SA诱导水稻幼苗抗瘟性的可能生化机理作了归纳。     

小豆抗锈病诱导剂的筛选

Four common inducers, salicylic acid (SA), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), benzothiadiazole (BTH) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), were selected to evaluate the effects of inducers on the resistance of adzuki bean to rust by investigating urediospores germination and the adzuki bean resistance to Uromyces vignae. The results showed that four inducers had no effects on the urediospores germination. However, they can significantly induce adzuki bean resistance to U. vignae. Among these four inducers, 0.25 mg·mL^-1 ACC can significantly reduce the disease index, which was 45.06% lower than the control. Aditionally, seedlings treated with ACC exhibited a typical "triple reaction", which indicated that this induced resistance may relate with the endogenous ethylene biosynthesis in adzuki bean. Then the adzuki bean seedlings were treated with an ethylene receptor inhibitor, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) alone or combined with ACC. The results showed that 1-MCP alone had no significant effect on the growth and rust resistance of adzuki bean. However, 1-MCP could eliminate the "triple reaction" and did not affect the induced resistance caused by ACC when it used combined with ACC. Results obtained in current study suggested that ACC can significantly induce the resistance of adzuki bean to the rust. Moreover, we speculate that ACC-induced rust resistance of adzuki bean may not depend on ethylene signaling pathway.     

Suppressive effect of abscisic acid on systemic acquired resistance in tobacco plants

Recent studies have indicated that the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA), induced in response to a variety of environmental stresses, plays an important role in modulating diverse plant–pathogen interactions. In Arabidopsis thaliana, we previously clarified that ABA suppressed the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), a plant defense system induced by pathogen infection through salicylic acid (SA) accumulation. We investigated the generality of this suppressive effect by ABA on SAR using tobacco plants. For SAR induction, we used 1,2-benzisothiazole-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide (BIT) and benzo(1,2,3)thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester (BTH) that activate upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway, respectively. Wild-type tobacco plants treated with BIT or BTH exhibited enhanced disease resistance against Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tobacco wildfire bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Pst), however, which was suppressed by pretreatment of plants with ABA. Pretreatment with ABA also suppressed the expression of SAR-marker genes by BIT and BTH, indicating that ABA suppressed the induction of SAR. ABA suppressed BTH-induced disease resistance and pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression in NahG-transgenic plants that are unable to accumulate SA. The accumulation of SA in wild-type plants after BIT treatment was also suppressed by pretreatment with ABA. These data suggest that ABA suppresses both upstream and downstream of SA in the SAR signaling pathway in tobacco.     

小豆抗锈病诱导剂的筛选

<正>由豇豆单胞锈(Uromyces vignae)引起的小豆锈病是我国小豆生产中的重要病害之一[1,2],在中国华北及东北地区发生严重,可造成严重的产量损失[3]。当前小豆锈病的防治主要依赖化学药剂,但长期使用化学药剂存在残留、破坏生态等弊端。因此寻找绿色可持续的防控措施越来越受到人们的关注。利用外源诱导剂诱导植物抗性是一种潜在的病害防控措施[4]。目前,已有超过30种的植物被证实可被诱导产生抗病性[5]。但在诱导小豆抗锈病方面的研究报道尚     

The salicylic acid-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco

The role of salicylic acid (SA) was investigated in basal defence and induced resistance to powdery mildew ( Oidium neolycopersici ) and grey mould ( Botrytis cinerea ) in tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum ) and tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum ). A comparison of NahG transgenic tomato and tobacco (unable to accumulate SA) to their respective wild types revealed that in tomato, SA was not involved in basal defence against O. neolycopersici but NahG tobacco showed an enhanced susceptibility to O. neolycopersici infection, the effect becoming more obvious as the plants grew older. In contrast, SA played no role in the basal defence of tobacco against B. cinerea , but seemed to contribute to basal defence of tomato against B. cinerea. Activation of the SA-dependent defence pathway via benzothiadiazole (BTH) resulted in induced resistance against O. neolycopersici in tobacco but not in tomato. Microscopic analysis revealed that BTH treatment could prevent penetration of the Oidium germ tube through tobacco leaves, whereas penetration was successful on tomato leaves irrespective of BTH treatment. In contrast, soil or leaf treatment with BTH induced resistance against B. cinerea in tomato but not in tobacco. It is concluded that the SA-dependent defence pathway is effective against different pathogens in tomato and tobacco.     

No role for bacterially produced salicylic Acid in rhizobacterial induction of systemic resistance in Arabidopsis

ABSTRACT The role of bacterially produced salicylic acid (SA) in the induction of systemic resistance in plants by rhizobacteria is far from clear. The strong SA producer Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS374r induces resistance in radish but not in Arabidopsis thaliana, whereas application of SA leads to induction of resistance in both plant species. In this study, we compared P. fluorescens WCS374r with three other SA-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas strains, P. fluorescens WCS417r and CHA0r, and P. aeruginosa 7NSK2 for their abilities to produce SA under different growth conditions and to induce systemic resistance in A. thaliana against bacterial speck, caused by P. syringae pv. tomato. All strains produced SA in vitro, varying from 5 fg cell(-1) for WCS417r to >25 fg cell(-1) for WCS374r. Addition of 200 muM FeCl(3) to standard succinate medium abolished SA production in all strains. Whereas the incubation temperature did not affect SA production by WCS417r and 7NSK2, strains WCS374r and CHA0r produced more SA when grown at 33 instead of 28 degrees C. WCS417r, CHA0r, and 7NSK2 induced systemic resistance apparently associated with their ability to produce SA, but WCS374r did not. Conversely, a mutant of 7NSK2 unable to produce SA still triggered induced systemic resistance (ISR). The possible involvement of SA in the induction of resistance was evaluated using SA-nonaccumulating transgenic NahG plants. Strains WCS417r, CHA0r, and 7NSK2 induced resistance in NahG Arabidopsis. Also, WCS374r, when grown at 33 or 36 degrees C, triggered ISR in these plants, but not in ethylene-insensitive ein2 or in non-plant pathogenesis- related protein-expressing npr1 mutant plants, irrespective of the growth temperature of the bacteria. These results demonstrate that, whereas WCS374r can be manipulated to trigger ISR in Arabidopsis, SA is not the primary determinant for the induction of systemic resistance against bacterial speck disease by this bacterium. Also, for the other SAproducing strains used in this study, bacterial determinants other than SA must be responsible for inducing resistance.