一例日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的病原分析

为了阐明山东省潍坊市一对虾养殖场发生日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的原因,采用分子生物学检测方法,对发病对虾进行了白斑综合征病毒(white spot syndrome virus,WSSV)、桃拉综合征病毒(Taura syndrome virus,TSV)、黄头病毒(yellow head virus,YHV)、传染性皮下及造血组织坏死病毒(infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus,IHHNV)、传染性肌肉坏死病毒(infectious myonecrosis virus,IMNV)、偷死野田村病毒(covert mortality nodavirus,CMNV)及急性肝胰腺坏死病(acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease,AHPND)7种病原的检测,且对发病对虾进行了常规组织病理学观察。同时采用16S r DNA细菌鉴定方法及浸泡回接感染实验对分离自发病对虾体内的可疑病原菌进行了分子鉴定及毒力测试。结果显示,发病对虾样品核酸检测呈现WSSV强阳性,IHHNV和CMNV为弱阳性,其他4种病原为阴性。组织病理学观察发现,在对虾的胃、鳃等上皮组织中存在WSSV包涵体,头部肌肉纤维出现离散。对分离编号为2901、2902、2903的3株优势可疑病原菌鉴定结果显示,3株菌分别与印度格里蒙菌、交替单胞菌及溶藻弧菌相似,相似度分别为99%、99%及100%。攻毒结果显示,3株可疑病原菌的LC50分别为9.8×107、1.1×108与2.3×108 CFU/m L,各细菌毒力均较弱,非导致对虾出现暴发性死亡的病原。研究表明,导致本次日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的病因与混合感染病原WSSV、IHHNV、CMNV有关,其中WSSV感染是造成日本囊对虾暴发性死亡的主因,研究结果可为解析当前养殖日本囊对虾疾病暴发及其成因提供参考。     

Viral infection‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and a membrane‐associated transcription factor NbNAC089 are involved in resistance to virus in Nicotiana benthamiana

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may induce two cell defence pathways, the unfolded protein response (UPR) or programmed cell death (PCD) upon unmitigated stress. This study confirmed that viral infection could induce ER stress through changing ER morphology and up‐regulating ER stress‐related genes, including NbNAC089. AtNAC089 serves as an ER stress sensor to regulate PCD in Arabidopsis. In this study, Nicotiana benthamiana NbNAC089 was identified. The gene encoded a 409 amino acid protein with a putative transmembrane domain near the C‐terminus and a NAC domain at the N‐terminus. NbNAC089 was localized to the ER membranes, and a truncated form of NbNAC089, lacking the transmembrane domain, was localized to the nucleus. Meanwhile, the full length of NbNAC089 was activated and cleaved in response to viral infection. The results suggest that the native protein may be translocated to the nucleus by release from the membrane during viral infection. Knock‐down of NbNAC089 in N. benthamiana increased susceptibility to Tobacco mosaic virus or Cucumber mosaic virus, and, in addition, promoted up‐regulation of UPR genes but impaired up‐regulation of PCD genes. These results show that NbNAC089 is a negative regulator of UPR and a positive regulator of PCD, and plays a role in the process of viral infection.     

Adverse events associated with pericardiocentesis in dogs: 85 cases (1999–2006)

Objective – To quantify the frequency of adverse events occurring during or post pericardiocentesis and to determine if adverse events are related to the cause of the pericardial effusion or frequency of pericardiocentesis.
Design – Retrospective study.
Setting – Referral hospital.
Animals, Intervention and Measurements – Medical records of 85 dogs that underwent 112 episodes of pericardiocentesis were reviewed. Any adverse events during pericardiocentesis and in the 48 hours post pericardiocentesis were noted. The frequency of adverse events was compared between dogs with a suspected neoplastic cause and a suspected nonneoplastic cause of their pericardial effusion and also between the first and subsequent pericardiocenteses.
Main Results – The incidence of adverse events was 10.7% within 1 hour of pericardiocentesis and 15.2% within 48 hours. There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse events between the groups. Most adverse events identified were dysrhythmias. Forty-one percent of those dogs with adverse events were euthanized or died within 48 hours.
Conclusion – The incidence of adverse events seen within 48 hours of pericardiocentesis was 15.2%.     

Toxicity in Doberman Pinchers with Ventricular Arrhythmias Treated with Amiodarone (1996–2005)

Background: Asymptomatic Doberman Pinschers with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) often die suddenly owing to ventricular tachycardia that degenerates into ventricular fibrillation. A safe and effective antiarrhythmic drug treatment is needed. This will require a large, well-controlled, prospective study.
Hypothesis: Amiodarone toxicity is common in Dobermans with occult DCM and ventricular tachyarrhythmias refractory to antiarrhythmia therapy. Infrequent monitoring of hepatic function is inadequate. Frequent monitoring may be useful to determine dogs in which the dosage should be decreased or the drug withdrawn.
Methods: Medical records from the University of Georgia and Cornell University were searched for Doberman Pinschers diagnosed with preclinical DCM that received amiodarone for severe ventricular arrhythmias refractory to other antiarrhythmic agents. Echocardiographic data, Holter recording data, hepatic enzyme serum activity, and serum amiodarone concentrations were recorded. The presence of clinical signs of toxicity was recorded. Serum amiodarone concentrations were obtained in some dogs.
Results: Reversible toxicity was identified in 10 of 22 (45%) dogs.
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Adverse effects from amiodarone were common and were, in part, dosage related. Patients should be monitored for signs of toxicity and liver enzyme activity should be measured at least monthly.     

喇叭泉林场干枯死亡沙枣林更新改造试验

通过在永昌县喇叭泉林场进行干枯死亡沙枣林更新改造试验,结果表明,更新改造后林带的防风效能明显高于死亡沙枣林;改造后林间湿度较旷野和未改造地有显著增加,改造后林地土壤持水能力和有机质含量在幅度增加。更新改造项目的实施取得了明显的生态效益和社会效益。     

惰性粉杀虫剂对黄粉虫成虫的物理伤害症状研究

用一种以食品级惰性粉为主要原料的惰性粉杀虫剂处理黄粉虫成虫,处理6h～8h、12h～14h、24h～26h和48h～50h试虫的平均爬行速度分别为12mm／s、7mm／s、3mm／s和0．4mm／s,明显比正常试虫的爬行速度（33mm／s）慢（p〈0．05）;处理后试虫表现出一系列物理伤害症状,随处理时间的延长,试虫受伤害程度增强。根据惰性粉杀虫剂处理后试虫爬行速度、伤害症状和死亡时间,将试虫的伤害程度由轻到重划分为四个级别,伤害一级：试虫平均爬行速度为10mm／s-15mm／s,死亡时间为74h±6h,身体抬高,腿节和胫节之间的活动角度略有减小;伤害二级：爬行速度为5mm／s-10mm／s,死亡时间为42h±5h,偶尔绊脚,摔倒后能立即站立起来继续爬行,腿节和胫节之间的活动角度进一步减小,胫节和附节之间的活动角度也减小;伤害三级：爬行速度为1～5mm／s,死亡时间为20h±1h,附节和爪不能牢固的抓住滤纸,摔倒频率明显增加,且摔倒后较难重新站立,腿节和胫节之间、胫节和附节之间的活动角度都较小;伤害四级：爬行速度小于1mm／s,死亡时间为5h±1h,腿节和胫节之间、胫节和附节之间基本不能活动,不能爬行,摔倒后基本上不能再站立起来。结果表明,目前被广泛接受的惰性粉破坏虫体表皮蜡层导致失水致死和堵塞气门致死的理论并不能完全解释这种食品级惰性粉杀虫剂作用害虫的症状并较快致死害虫的机理,其杀虫机理还有待于进一步的揭示。     

仔幼犬常见死因及提高成活率的有效措施

仔幼犬死亡率高是目前制约犬业发展的关键因素,造成仔幼犬死亡的原因多种多样,但主导因素是对母犬和仔幼犬饲养管理不当引起仔幼犬感染疾病致死。及时发现、科学诊治犬瘟热、犬细小病毒肠炎等常见疾病可以显著提高幼犬成活率。此外,加强对妊娠母犬及仔幼犬的饲养管理、对仔幼犬进行程序化免疫等也是提高仔幼犬成活率的重要措施。     

温度胁迫对转Bt基因抗虫棉毒蛋白的表达和棉铃虫死亡率的影响

 于花铃期对科棉1号棉株进行连续48 h的不同温度处理,用处理后的叶片饲喂棉铃虫,研究叶片活性、毒蛋白和棉铃虫死亡率之间的关系。结果表明,游离氨基酸含量一直增加,12 h内增加最快;可溶性蛋白含量一直下降,12 h内降幅最大。毒蛋白含量24 h内显著下降,12 h内降幅最大。25 ℃处理下的死亡率明显高于20℃和35℃处理。同一温度下,胁迫时间越长,棉铃虫取食后的死亡率越低。棉铃虫取食72 h后的死亡率明显低于144 h后的死亡率。取食72 h后的死亡率与可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和毒蛋白含量呈显著或极显著相关,与可溶性蛋白和毒蛋白变化量之间呈显著相关。     

86例猝死尸检的临床病理学研究

目的分析猝死的临床病理学特征,为猝死的诊断和预防提供依据。方法收集86例猝死案例的尸体解剖资料,分析猝死的临床病理学特征和发生的性别、年龄、季节、诱因、主要病症等相互之间的关系。结果86例猝死经尸检病理诊断为心源性猝死的有58例（58/86,67.4%）,其中冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病占心源性猝死的51.7%（30/58）,心律失常性右心室心肌病占心源性猝死的10.3%（6/58）。结论猝死中心源性猝死最常见。科学系统的尸检可以明确猝死的原因,可为医学鉴定和解决医疗纠纷提供可靠的依据,并对提高医疗质量,做到早期诊断和治疗心血管系统疾病,减少猝死的发生起着重要的作用。