日光温室黄瓜栽培CO_2浓度的消长规律初探

近 3a(年 )的研究结果表明 :日光温室内CO2 浓度有明显的季节变化和日变化。在整个生长期内因通风时间和通风量的不同 ,日光温室内的CO2 浓度 11月和 3月较高 ,5月较低。各时期日变化基本相同 ,但变化幅度因季节而异 ,上午随Pn的逐渐增大而下降 ,中午 12 :0 0～ 14 :0 0时降至最低 ,下午又随Pn的减小而缓慢回升。叶片的光合作用、呼吸作用和土壤呼吸是影响日光温室内CO2 浓度日变化的主要因素。有机肥施用量对室内土壤呼吸和日光温室CO2 浓度有较大影响 ,在有机肥充足的条件下 ,室内CO2 浓度基本满足黄瓜光合作用的需要 ,无须补施 ,如果在作物生长期间再定时随水向土壤中冲施有机肥 ,效果就更好     

Variation of Parthenium hysterophorus in response to soil quality: implications for invasiveness

Summary The performance of Parthenium hysterophorus , native to the tropical Americas and invasive to several countries, was evaluated for response to soil quality. Phenological (six stages) and quantitative growth variables [relative growth rates in height (R_h) and diameter (R_d)] were measured every fortnight. Based on harvest data, the variables, root:shoot (R:S) ratio, specific leaf area (SLA), relative growth rate in biomass (R_w), net assimilation rate (NAR) and dry matter allocation to plant components, were determined. High clay content in soils prolonged the rosette stage, enhanced R_h and R_d and hampered root growth, but promoted biomass allocation to shoots. The extreme degree of plant mortality was observed, with only 33.3% individuals surviving to reproduce in the soils with highest clay contents. This appears to be one of the most important findings that certainly has a major bearing on the range of adaptation of the weed. Seed mass declined whereas seed production increased in relatively coarser soils with the exception of nearly pure sand. In soils rich in clay, plants produced a smaller number of larger seeds. These data suggest that variation in fundamental functional traits would enable P. hysterophorus to adjust to a variety of habitat conditions.     

Detection of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani in soils by bioassay

The sensitivity of a bioassay in detecting soil inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes and Helminthosporium solani was examined using potato minitubers and microplants. Tests were conducted on soils which were collected from fields in which the interval after a previous potato crop differed, and which were also artificially infested with conidia or microsclerotia. For C. coccodes , determining plant infection based on the occurrence of infected roots after 9–12 weeks was a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying the amount of inoculum in soil. Infestations of less than 0·4 microsclerotia per g soil were detected in artificially infested soils. A semiselective medium, developed for isolating C. gloeosporioides from pepper, detected soil infestations by C. coccodes as low as nine conidia or one microsclerotium per g soil in artificially infested soil. For H. solani , infection on minitubers was a sensitive measure, with soil inoculum of fewer than 10 conidia per g soil being detected. Soil infestation could be quantified by assessing the percentage surface area of minitubers covered by sporulating lesions, which was strongly related to the amount of soil infestation. The results of these bioassay tests were compared with published results for real-time quantitative PCR assays on the same soils. The two methods were in good agreement in artificially infested soils, but the bioassay appeared to be more sensitive with naturally infested soils.     

旱地(土娄)土长期定位施肥土壤剖面硝态氮分布与累积研究

通过12a大田长期定位试验研究了在自然降水条件、冬小麦—大豆轮作(或休闲)种植制度下,0～400cm土娄土剖面硝态氮分布与积累的特点。结果表明,长期单施氮肥,氮的表观利用率特别低,仅0.51%,氮肥配施钾、磷肥,氮的表观利用率为25%～35%,氮磷钾平衡施肥及配施有机肥,氮的表观利用率达到50%;施N肥方式显著影响土壤硝态氮积累和淋移,旱地土娄土长期单施化学氮肥或氮钾、氮磷、氮磷钾肥使土壤NO-3-N大量积累和淋移;氮磷钾与有机肥的配合施用能有效地缓解土壤对硝态氮的积累,提高氮肥利用率。     

新疆农田土壤有机质含量及组成特征

目前新疆农田土壤有机质含量在5．30～24．21g／kg之间，平均14．65g／kg，与第二次土壤普查相比，新疆农田土壤有机质含量呈上升趋势；胡敏素碳含量占到有机质碳量的53％～70％，平均61％，腐殖酸碳量只占39％。     

Inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth by root-infecting fungi in soil of a rice paddy field

 Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could occur in soils of rice paddy fields. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance.     

土壤改良对越桔生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,对生长越桔的土壤进行改良。通过土壤pH值的变化、生长量及相关指标的分析对比,获得适合越桔生长的土壤改良类型。试验研究表明,pH值4.0～5.0的苔藓 草炭 原土 S土壤改良类型适合于越桔的生长,植株的高度、粗度、基生枝数等都明显增加。从各指标上观察,原土 2S的土壤改良类型也具有一定优势,说明在土壤有机质充足的基础上,只需调酸,越桔就能正常生长。     

烟草抗CMV细胞突变系筛选系统的研究

在单倍体烟草6叶期接种CMV,接种前3d适当增施氮肥,接种后置28±2℃和自然光照条件下最适合CMV侵染和发病,发病后烟苗仅9或10位叶全部畸型褪绿,这是用绿岛法筛选抗CMV细胞突变系的临界选择压。用0.3％EMS(硫酸二乙酯)诱变烟苗心叶,接种CMV后置临界选择条件下从普通烟草良种Burley18的928个病株中选到每叶仅1～2个绿岛的畸型褪绿叶78片。截取绿岛进行组织培养得到146株无病试管苗,移栽盆钵后再接种CMV鉴定,选到抗CMV突变系R_2和R_8,其当代无性系在夏季网室条件下病情指数较亲本低40.1～45.3,并能通过有性过程传递。     

利用废菌糠提高覆土持水力和蘑菇产量的研究

本文利用平菇等食用菌的废菌糠 ,经适当无氧发酵等一系列处理后添加到普通泥土中 ,使其最大持水力提高至 5 1 3% ,单产提高 13 6 %     

(土娄)土区不同蔬菜对钾肥的肥效反应

在陕西省关中土娄土区布置线辣椒、甘蓝、白菜、芹菜钾肥大田试验,研究不同蔬菜对钾肥的肥效反应。结果表明,增施钾肥可使蔬菜硝态氮含量降低11.8%～116.0%,维生素C含量增加0.4～147.4mg/kg;产量增加9.3%～33.8%;明显促进营养生长和生殖生长;400cm深土壤剖面硝态氮累积量减少22.7～48.0kg/hm2,尤其在80～220cm剖面减少最为明显。