Effect of soil type on the time-course of changes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity in Tokachi District,Hokkaido, Japan

Abstract

To clarify the effect of soil type on changes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) productivity since 1980 in Tokachi District (Hokkaido, Japan), we analyzed yield data from 121 settlements from 1980 to 2002 using maps of parent materials and surface organic matter contents in a geographical information system. The soil types were Brown Lowland soils, Andosols with an alluvial subsoil, Wet Andosols and Andosols. The sugar beet yields were highest in the Andosols and moderate in Andosols with an alluvial subsoil. Yields in Brown Lowland soils in the 1980s were similar to those in Andosols, but decreased below the yields in the Andosols by the 1990s. The yields in Wet Andosols were the lowest in the 1980s, but have been similar to those in Andosols with an alluvial subsoil since 1990. Thus, productivity appears to have varied over time in Brown Lowland soils and Wet Andosols. The correlation coefficients between yields and cumulative daily mean temperature from late April to mid-July since 1990 were highest in the Andosols (r = 0.67), lowest in the Brown Lowland soils (r = 0.50) and intermediate in the other soil types (r = 0.54–0.60). However, the magnitude of the correlation between the yield and the cumulative precipitation since 1990 was lowest in the Andosols (r = –0.22), highest in the Brown Lowland soils (r = –0.58) and intermediate in the other soil types (r = –0.44 to –0.45). These results suggest that the present soil water environment in the Andosols is superior to that in the other soil types.     

A portable integrated rainfall and overland flow simulator

This paper describes a prototype of a portable rainfall simulator that can simulate a wide range of rainfall intensities with a kinetic energy similar to that of natural rainfall and, more innovatively, provide simultaneous or independent simulations of rainfall and overland flow at the microplot scale (0.70 m²). The design of the rotating shutter disc makes possible a wide range of rainfall intensities, from 30 to 155 mm/h without changing nozzle type or working pressure. Overland flow intensity can be adjusted from 94 to 573 mm/h depending on nozzle type and working pressure. The flow is applied on the upper side of the experimental plot. The Christiansen coefficient of uniformity of the simulated rainfall varied between 81.4 and 85.1%, and the calculated kinetic energy was >90% the kinetic energy of corresponding natural rain. Special attention was paid to portability. Stainless steel was used whenever possible and the equipment was constructed in modules so that it could easily be dismantled and carried by two people. A telescopic-type frame allows operation on sloping ground.     

Amending Soil with Sludge,Manure, Humic Acid,Orthophosphate and Phytic Acid: Effects on Infiltration,Runoff and Sediment Loss

Application of organic wastes to cultivated lands can replace mineral fertilizers but may also alter soil physical properties and enhance pollution potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of biosolids [composted manure (MC) and activated sludge (AS)] and specific biosolid component [orthophosphate (OP), phytic acid (PA) and humic acid (HA)] application on soils differing in texture [loamy‐sand (Ramat‐HaKovesh, RH), loam (Gilat, GL) and clay (Bet‐Dagan, BD)], infiltration rate, runoff volume and soil sediment loss. The soils were packed in erosion boxes (400 × 200 × 40 mm) and subjected to six consecutive simulated rainstorms, each of 186 mm deionized water. The results showed that runoff volume and sediment loss from untreated soils increased with increasing clay contents. In treated soils, the response to AS application differed from the response to other amendments; in the BD clay and GL loam, it was the only amendment that caused a decrease in sediment removed by runoff. In the RH loamy‐sand, all amendments reduced the final infiltration rate, but only AS and HA increased the measured runoff. It is proposed that the difference in the response of the soils to the amendments is associated with the soil's ability to attenuate changes in the negative charge on the clay edges following the increase in the specific adsorption of charged anions, thus controlling clay swelling and maintaining aggregate integrity. The effects of amending soils with a source of organic matter in order to control runoff and soil erosion are not straight forward and depend on soil and amendment properties. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

棉花不同种植方式和新技术应用对气候条件的要求及播栽期的确定

为促进麦棉双增双扩，本文就当前棉花生产中几种栽植方式、新技术，分析其对气候条件的要求，按当地气候资源来确定播（栽）期。     

植被恢复演替初期对模拟降雨产流特征的影响

利用模拟降雨装置,研究了演替恢复初期不同植被覆盖以及不同处理下坡面降雨的产流过程和人渗率。实验研究结果表明,植被演替开始之初,由于地表土壤的土质比较疏松,土壤的人渗率比较大。随着植被演替的进行,土壤中有机质等物质的逐渐累积,土壤的理化性质发生了变化,土壤的人渗特征也随之降低。剪草降雨小区的实验研究结果说明,在降雨的初期,土壤的人渗性能相对较低,随着实验的进行,在雨滴的打击下,部分结皮被破坏,土壤的人渗率也随之增大。说明地表生物结皮的存在,降低了土壤的人渗性能。采取适当的措施破坏地表生物结皮,有利于提高土壤的人渗性能,增加干旱半干旱地区对降雨的利用程度。     

坡耕地耕作管理措施对降雨入渗的影响

利用人工模拟降雨装置对坡耕地不同耕作管理措施强化降水入渗规律进行了研究。结果表明,不同耕作管理措施强化降水入渗速率效用不同,在相同入渗时间情况下,强化降水入渗速率等高耕作>人工掏挖>人工锄耕>直线坡,在中小雨强和较短降雨历时情况下,这种情况表现更为显著。在对黄土高原超渗产流理论和坡面水量平衡方程分析的基础上,得出了不同耕作管理措施强化降水入渗速率与入渗时间的函数关系式。     

产流积水法测量坡地降雨入渗动态过程及其精度估计

坡地土壤的降雨入渗性能对于水文过程、土壤侵蚀、水资源相关方面的研究和实践非常重要。产流积水法采用由实验得到的数据，分析了不同坡位土壤入渗率及累积入渗量随降雨时间的变化过程。结果表明不同坡位入渗过程曲线反映了坡面径流到达前后，实际入渗率从降雨强度控制阶段跃升到入渗性能控制阶段，并最终趋于稳定入渗率的全过程。入渗区不同坡位的累积入渗量从坡顶至坡底逐渐减少，而且径流在坡面上推进速度越快不同坡位上的累积入渗量差值越小。通过理论分析，确定了观测径流推进距离误差所引起的测量结果的误差。用水量平衡原理对产流积水法实验结果进行精度估计，并提出了由实测入渗率求入渗水量的解析方法，并将此与实际降雨量进行比较，间接地估计了测量结果的精度。结果表明，产流积水法测量坡地降雨/径流入渗性能具有很高的精度。     

膜孔灌单向交汇入渗数学模型研究

通过室内膜孔单向交汇入渗试验资料，分析了膜孔单向交汇入渗特性，在此基础上，根据不同的已知资料情况，提出了相应的3个膜孔单向交汇入渗数学模型，其中模型1是建立在膜孔单向交汇入渗相对膜孔自由入渗的减渗量参数和膜孔自由入渗参数已知条件下的一个入渗模型，模型2建立在膜孔单向交汇入渗的自由入渗阶段和交汇入渗阶段的入渗参数均为已知的基础上，模型3建立在膜孔单向交汇入渗相对膜孔自由入渗减渗率和自由入渗参数为已知的基础上。经实测资料验证表明，3个模型均为计算膜孔单向交汇入渗量的有效模型，这一研究成果可为膜孔灌技术研究提供参考。     

黄河下游引黄灌区渠道水利用系数估算方法

以山东簸箕李引黄灌区为例，根据3种实测方法得到的渠道渗漏水量损失观测数据，利用理论方法确定渠床渗透系数和地下水顶托修正系数。在对干渠以下各级渠道进行概化分类的基础上，采用回归分析方法建立灌区干渠以下各级渠道渗漏水量损失与流量间的相关关系，给出依据渠道流量估算渠道水利用系数的经验公式。由于该估算方法仅根据渠道流量即可获得相应的渠道水利用系数，故具有简便可行、实用性强的显著特点，为黄河下游灌区制定灌溉输配水计划提供了合理依据。     

水分调节剂DY-ET100对番茄产量、品质及水氮在土壤中扩散的影响

为解决水分在土壤中横向扩散范围小和硝态氮淋溶等问题,以水分调节剂DY-ET100为供试材料,以清水、渴以友为对照,研究和对比了水分调节剂DY-ET100的添加对水分在不同土壤中的扩散情况及对硝态氮淋溶和番茄产量及品质的影响。结果表明,在掺沙和未掺沙黏土中添加水分调节剂DY-ET100较清水处理番茄果实中VC含量分别显著提高12.50%和20.51%;添加DY-ET100的处理使距滴头0～30 cm范围内的水分在土壤中分布更加均匀,滴灌时水分扩散半径较清水和渴以友分别增加22.53%和12.33%;在掺沙和未掺沙黏土中较清水处理硝态氮累积量增加41.21%和18.83%;同时减少硝态氮的淋溶损失量,在掺沙和未掺沙黏土较清水处理硝态氮淋溶损失降低7.53%和8.07%。研究为水分调节剂的使用推广提供了数据支撑。