Effect of Gypsum Application on Long Term Changes in Soil Properties and Crop Growth in Sodic Soils under Field Conditions

In a field study, conducted on farmer's waste sodic soils, Aquic Natrustalf, 12.5 t/ha gypsum was surface mixed. Effect of gypsum application on soil properties and crop yields of rice and wheat grown in succession was evaluated after one to five years of gypsum application. The results showed that soil pH, electrical conductivity, calcium carbonate and soil dispersion decreased, whereas organic carbon, hydraulic conductivity, water infiltration and storage increased considerably after five years of gypsum application. In the initial years the improvement in soil properties was more in the surface layers and extended to lower layers slowly in the following years. Average grain yields of rice and wheat in the first year were 4.2 and 1.8 t/ha, respectively. The yields further increased to 6.1 and 2.5 t/ha in the 5th year, but the yields were lower than the yields obtained in research experiment. Relationships between wheat grain yield and pH of 0–15 and 15–30 cm layers were established. Wheat yield reduced by 45 percent when pH of 0–15 cm layer increased from 9.0 to 9.5. The sodicity of sub soil was still too high to permit the cultivation of deep rooted crops even after five years of gypsum application. Normal crop production is possible in these sodic soils, given sufficient time to reduce the sub soil sodicity.     

诗画对中国古典园林的影响

中国古典园林深受绘画、诗词和文学的影响.中国古典园林一直是循着绘画的脉络发展起来的.绘画理论对于造园起了很大的指导作用,诗词也对中国造园艺术影响至深.本文论述、分析了诗歌、绘画对中国造园艺术的影响,体现出中国古典园林艺术追求诗情画意的美学意味和独特的美学传统.     

毛乌素沙地土壤水分特征曲线和入渗性能的研究

采用张力计法测定了毛乌素沙地低吸力段土壤水分特征曲线,并用θ=aψ-b模型进行了拟合,分析了各层次土壤的持水和供水能力.结果显示0～20 cm的土壤持水能力最差,但供水能力最强,40～60 cm的土壤持水能力最强,供水能力一般;当土壤吸力达到0.06～0.08 MPa,即土壤容积含水率在1%～3%时,比水容量就已达到了10-1级,标志着土壤水分处于难效水阶段,植物利用比较困难;在室内采用环刀法测定了沙地土壤水分的入渗率,结果显示有植被覆盖的试验区的初始入渗率、稳定入渗率和累积入渗量都比无植被覆盖的对照区大,说明该地区植被对土壤水分的消耗影响显著.     

北京九龙山林地对降雨的调蓄功能*

对北京九龙山油松林、侧柏林、阴坡灌木林、阳坡灌木林的林冠层、枯落物层及土壤层对降雨的调蓄功能进行了研究，结果表明：四种不同林地的林冠截持率为２２％～３２％，大暴雨下的截持率为７％～１０％；枯落物层的有效调蓄为０．４６～２．４２ｍｍ；５０ｃｍ土层的快速、慢速和变化调蓄量分别为３５～４８ｍｍ；５４～４８ｍｍ，２８～５２ｍｍ；四种林地调蓄功能的顺序从大到小为油松林、阴坡灌木林、阳坡灌木林、侧柏林。     

Impacts of fractal features of soil on moisture infiltration capacity of typical stands in Jinyun mountain of Chongqing city

The soil structure was expressed with fractal dimensions of particle size distribution (PSD), aggregate size distribution (ASD), and soil pore size distribution (SPD). The effect of soil fractal features on soil infiltration velocity and process was studied. The result of the fractal feature shows that fractal dimensions of PSD are obviously greater than those of ASD and SPD, and in different soil genetic horizons, the fractal dimension of ASD has the greatest variability, and shows a downtrend on the top-to-bottom genetic horizon. According to the soil infiltration process curve, the infiltration process was divided into three phases: (1) the initial phase (0–5 min), (2) the transition phase (5–30 min), and (3) the stable phase (30–180 min). In the initial phase of infiltration, the soil structure of soil genetic horizon A was the major influencing factor; in the transition phase of infiltration, the pore distribution of soil horizon AB and soil structure of horizon B were the major influencing factors; in the stable phase of infiltration, the soil structure of horizon C was the major influencing factor to the infiltration velocity. Soil infiltration process is influenced comprehensively by soil PSD, ASD, and SPD. In the overall soil water infiltration, the infiltration in shrub forest land was much faster than that in other land uses, and in the initial infiltration phase, arable land soil infiltration was much faster than that in forest land, and in the stable infiltration phase, the infiltration velocity in forest land was faster than that in arable land. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2006, 28(3): 73–78 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]     

不同森林-土壤类型在水源林生态系统中的作用

水源林是森林水文学的研究主体和实践区域,丘陵山区开发利用首先要解决水源林布局问题,使之达到生态平衡。文章探讨了不同的森林—土壤类型及其水源涵养能力,阐述了森林—土壤类型在森林生态系统中的基本核心功能,特别是林地土壤内的重力水库容在其中担负着重大的作用,并初步提出了营建和改造水源林的建议。     

DISPERSAL PATTERN OF INJECTATE FOLLOWING CT‐GUIDED PERINEURAL INFILTRATION IN THE CANINE THORACOLUMBAR SPINE: A CADAVER STUDY

An increasing proportion of canine patients are presented with chronic thoracolumbar back pain and without compressive spinal lesions. In humans, spinal perineural infiltrations have been reported to have a favorable effect on pain control. The purpose of this prospective cadaver study was to describe the dispersal pattern of injectate following CT‐guided spinal perineural infiltration in the canine thoracolumbar region. Seven fresh canine cadavers were first scanned using multislice CT and then CT‐guided spinal perineural infiltration was performed at 42 sites from T13/L1 to L6/L7. The injectate for each site was a mixture of new methylene blue and iodinated contrast medium. Immediately following CT‐guided injection, cadavers were frozen, cut, and dissected macro‐ and mesoscopically (using a magnifying glass) to identify anatomic structures that were infiltrated. In the majority of sites (64.3%), complete epidural and hypaxial staining of spinal nerve components (including the spinal ganglion, trunk, and ventral branch) was successfully achieved. However, no (11.9%) or unpredictable staining (9.5%) of nervous tissue occurred in some sites despite careful CT guidance and the application of relatively large volumes of injectate. Optimal results were achieved when the needle tip was positioned periforaminally ventral to the cranial contour of the cranial articular process. Findings from this ex vivo study indicated that CT‐guided spinal perineural infiltration is feasible for testing in the canine thoracolumbar region and that successful nerve tissue infiltration would likely occur in the majority of sites. Future in vivo studies are needed to determine the safety and efficacy of this technique.     

基于MCR和重力模型下的厦门市生态空间网络构建

伴随高密集土地开发,城市内部生态栖息地被严重侵蚀,致使区域生态走廊分散度、隔离度剧增,削弱生态斑块间的有效连接,影响了区域可持续发展。研究基于形态学空间格局分析（MSPA）、最小阻力模型（MCR）和重力模型,对厦门市重要生态源地进行提取,并模拟构建其生态走廊。结果表明:1）根据MSPA分析结果,厦门市核心区在所有景观类型中占比最高,为89.29%,且景观类型多为林地,占核心区总面积49.69%;2）结合重要生态源地景观连通指数,共选取17块生态源地,其中,1号生态源地的dPC值最高（81.369）,面积最大（59 726.385 hm²）;3）基于MCR和重力模型构建142条生态廊道,廊道分别占林地景观、水体景观和草地景观面积的21.57%、41.56%和17.42%。根据研究结果,在湖里区北部及集美区、海沧区南部等生态栖息地空白区适当建造小型或中型“踏脚石（stepping stone）”是十分必要的,以维持生态服务功能和区域内生态系统平衡。该研究结果可为厦门市构建更为完整结构的区域生态模式,并为类似高密度沿海建设区域生态空间网络营建提供参考和借鉴。     

国土空间生态修复关键区域系统识别与修复

基于生态系统问题诊断与生态安全格局构建,探索国土空间生态修复关键区域识别与修复的方法路径。以武汉市蔡甸区为研究区域,从数量、质量、空间格局等3个方面系统诊断了生态系统的退化程度、退化类型及其空间分布。基于生态源地的识别,并以土地覆盖类型、距离水源距离、植被覆盖度、坡度、高程等5种因子构建生态阻力面,通过最小阻力模型识别潜在生态廊道,进而构建生态安全格局。在此基础上,综合生态系统问题诊断与生态安全格局需求,系统地辨识出了武汉市蔡甸区的生态保育区、自然修复区、人工修复区和生态廊道建设区。结果显示,共提取出1 901.52 hm²林地和水体作为生态源地,识别出18 168.12 m潜在生态廊道。从生态保育、自然修复、人工修复、生态廊道建设4个方面提出了对应的生态保护修复措施。     

咸淡轮灌和生物炭对滨海盐渍土水盐运移特征的影响

为利用滨海地区微咸水改良盐渍土,进行了不同咸淡水轮灌(淡淡、淡咸、咸淡、咸咸)和施用生物炭(0、15、30 t/hm^2)的室内入渗试验,探讨了咸淡轮灌和生物炭施用下滨海盐渍土水盐运移过程。结果表明:滨海盐渍土水分运动主要受初始入渗水质的影响,先咸后淡的轮灌方式更有利于土壤水分入渗,入渗速率增加了8.2%~46.9%,并小幅提高了土壤含水率;生物炭可促进咸淡轮灌下的水分运移,增加了相同时间内的湿润锋距离、累计入渗量、入渗速率及入渗后的土壤含水率,添加量为15 t/hm^2时入渗增益最佳,入渗速率提高了3.5%~22.0%;淡咸和咸淡处理的土壤含盐量均低于咸咸处理,脱盐率和脱盐区深度系数更高,咸淡处理可增加脱盐率,而淡咸处理可提高脱盐区深度系数;生物炭有利于咸淡轮灌下的土壤盐分淋洗,脱盐率和脱盐区深度系数分别提高了9.1%~15.0%和1.1%~7.5%,并增加了Ca^2+和Mg^2+含量,促进Na+淋洗,进而降低了微咸水利用风险,但在30 t/hm^2时盐分淋洗效果有所减弱。研究表明,添加15 t/hm^2生物炭配合微咸水-淡水轮灌能够改善滨海盐渍土的入渗特性、持水能力和盐分分布,可为该区盐渍土和微咸水开发利用提供参考。