Quantifying the fine scale (1km × 1km) exposure,dose and effects of ozone: Part 2 estimating yield losses for agricultural crops

In Britain wheat is an important crop accounting for 41% of the total cereal production. In this study ozone concentrations for 1989 estimated as described in Part 1 of the paper are integrated with the estimated wheat distribution to derive a detailed estimate of the impact of ozone on wheat yields at a fine spatial scale (1km × 1km). These data provide estimates for calculating regional and national yield losses. The methodology can be applied to other crop species. Recent research on a range of crops has established relationships between the economic yield loss for certain crops, including wheat, and ozone exposure. Exposure is described as the accumulated exposure above a threshold experienced during the daylight hours (AOT). Critical AOT values are derived from yield exposure relationships which show linear reductions of yield loss with increasing ozone concentrations. This study has made use of land cover data from remotely sensed imagery at 25m resolution and nationally collected agricultural statistics for counties. These data were combined using an areal interpolation technique to provide more spatially articulate estimates of the location and intensity of wheat production. The results demonstrate the economic importance of ozone as a pollutant. Wheat yield losses attributed to ozone vary between different parts of the country but, for years when ozone levels are high, yield losses are likely to be significant in some areas.     

Yield losses in soybeans from frogeye leaf spot caused by Cercospora sojina

Three soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]cultivars (Samsoy 1, TGx 1025-12E and TGx 996-26E) were evaluated for yield losses resulting from frogeye leaf spot caused by Cercospora sojina Hara. Replicated field plots were established at two locations in Nigeria that have a high natural infestation of C. sojina. The cultivars were either not sprayed, sprayed once or sprayed twice during the growing season with the fungicide benomyl. Disease spread early in the season was from border rows of a susceptible soybean cultivar into the plots. Mean disease severity (DS) for unsprayed cultivars ranged from 0.6 to 4.5 on a scale of 0–5. Plots receiving two sprays had lower DS values, ranging from 0.5 to 2.4. Differences between unsprayed and double-sprayed plots for yield and 300-seed weight ranged from 2.5 to 58.8 and 0.6 to 28.6%, respectively. Seed weight was negatively correlated with DS.     

Smut Incidence and Yield Losses of Corn Cultivars under Different Plant Population Densities

Six corn cultivars were grown, under field conditions, at two population densities of 14285 and 22875 plants/ acre. All were subjected to an artificial infection at 6-leaf growth stage to determine their reactions to smut disease and yield losses. Changes in plant chemical composition, including K and N contents of ear-leaf, were performed at silking stage. The results showed that corn cultivars imposed wide variations to smut reaction. Susceptibility to smut disease was less prevalent on D.H 204 and 3-way cross 310 and more abundant on D.H 215, Iskandria 11 and El-Kabera 1. The corn cultivar Giza 2 appeared an intermediate reaction. Smut incidence at high population density was markedly depressed by 6.6 % below the comparable level at low population rate. Differences in yield losses between low and high plant population densities were actually limited for smut resistant cultivars, while the opposite was true for the more susceptible ones. On average, the yield losses at the low population density varied from 2.5 % for D.H 204 to 14.4 % for Iskandria 11. The calculated losses of the respective cultivars declined to 2.3 and 9.2 % at the thicker stand. The overall effect of increasing smut infection on yield losses, as revealed from the regression coefficients of the response curves, was clearly pronounced at the higher plant population, whereas the yield was substantially improved by 9.7 %. Varietal response to smut performance was explained on the basis of vigor growth and K/N ratio of ear-leaf.     

黑龙江省冰雹灾害时空特征分析

为了了解黑龙江省冰雹灾害的历史特征,基于灰色理论和气象灾害普查资料对黑龙江省冰雹灾害的时空分布特征进行分析。结果表明:黑龙江省冰雹灾害主要发生在5～9月份,4月和10月发生较少,以5～6月最多,7、9月次之。冰雹频次随着时间推移有缓慢减少的趋势,冰雹导致的农作物受灾面积和可比经济损失在20世纪90年代前期以前较多,中期减少,后期略有增加。黑龙江省冰雹灾害划分为重雹灾区、中雹灾区、轻雹灾区和微雹灾区。重雹灾区包括佳木斯市、绥化市、鸡西市、黑河市、鹤岗市、哈尔滨市和齐齐哈尔市;轻雹灾区和微雹灾区位于黑龙江省北部的伊春市和大兴安岭地区。重灾区是黑龙江省粮食主产区、经济发达、文化繁荣、人口密集,气象灾害的承载体极其脆弱;轻灾区以林业为主,农业种植面积非常小,而且人口密度相对稀疏,因此冰雹灾害影响较轻。     

舟曲泥石流经济损失评估(英文)

[目的]对舟曲泥石流造成的直接和间接经济损失进行评估。[方法]在 2010 年 8 月 7 日舟曲发特大泥石流发生的后第一时间收集了相关数据,建立评估模型,采用比例系数法估计潜在的经济损失。[结果]评估结果表明,此次灾害共造成经济损失 16.57 亿元人民币,其中间接经济损失高达2.42 亿,直接经济损失 14.15 亿。[结论]至目前为止,比例系数法仍是一种快速有效的评估间接经济损失的方法。     

Effect of resin‐top disease caused by Peridermium pini on the volume and value of Pinus sylvestris saw timber and pulpwood

The role of the resin‐top disease caused by Peridermium pini in volume and value losses to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was surveyed in two heavily infected stands in northern Finland. Of the Scots pines, 26% were infected by the disease. Peridermium pini caused 2% volume losses to saw timber trees and 3% volume losses to pulpwood trees in the stem‐lesion class and 10% and 14% in the dead‐top class, respectively. The disease caused saw timber volume losses to saw timber trees of 34% and 22% in the stem‐lesion and dead‐top class, respectively. However, saw timber volume losses increased the pulpwood volume in both disease classes. The disease reduced the marketing value of saw timber trees and pulpwood trees by 18% and 3% in the stem‐lesion class and by 15% and 14% in the dead‐top class.     

紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节不同种植模式下N P流失模型

为了解长江上游紫色土丘陵区非耕作季节N、P的流失特征,以长江上游紫色土丘陵区4种典型种植模式为研究对象,采用野外调查、室内分析和模型模拟相结合的方法,于2008年11月1日至12月31日研究了耕作季节后不同种植模式在每次降雨后的N、P流失特征及不完全混合模型的综合应用效果。结果表明,非耕作季节,紫色农耕地均表现出较大的N、P流失量,最大分别达到（0.491±0.079）kg·hm-2和（12.604±13.173）×10-3kg·hm-2。N的流失量均大于P的流失量,并且N、P主要通过地表径流流失。不同种植模式间N、P流失量有较大的差异,其中生姜种植模式的N、P流失量最大,大豆种植模式最小。不完全混合模型可很好应用于研究区域农耕地N、P流失。模型的有效系数均达到0.6以上,其中模拟N流失的有效系数高达0.958。这表明,非耕作季节农耕地N、P流失是区域农业面源污染的重要来源,不完全混合模型可成为该区域N、P流失预报和面源污染控制的重要手段。     

Effect of slope and plant cover on run‐off,soil loss and water use efficiency of natural veld

Abstract

Run‐off and soil loss were monitored from a climax, subclimax and pioneer veld, each on a 5,9%, 4,1% and 2,1% slope, by means of a rainfall simulator on a Valsrivier soil form. With rainfall intensity, soil moisture content at the beginning of each rain storm, and soil texture the same for each treatment, plant cover and composition had a significant (positive) (P≤0,05) influence on the amount of soil loss and run‐off that occurred, as against the insignificant influence of the slope.

An average of 6,2 t/ha soil loss and 80,6% run‐off of the amount of water applied occurred from the pioneer veld (0,7% basal cover) on the steepest slope. In all the successional stages more run‐off and less soil loss occurred from wet soil than from dry soil. Significant (P≤0,01) relationships between basal and canopy cover were obtained with run‐off and soil loss.

The climax, subclimax and pioneer veld produced on average 0,57 g, 0,23 g and 0,07 g aboveground phytomass for each litre of water evapotranspirated.     

农业机械减少水稻收获损失了吗？

为了解农业机械的推广是否能够减少收获损失,本研究基于2016年中国20个省市1 032户农户水稻产后收获损失调研数据,利用分位数回归方法定量分析农业机械的使用对水稻产后收获损失的影响。结果表明:1)目前我国水稻的产后收割、脱粒、田间运输和清粮的总损失率为3.92%;2)不同环节的机械减损效果不同。在收获环节使用联合收割机可以降低农户的水稻损失率。在田间运输环节使用机械可以降低水稻的产后收获损失率。在清粮环节使用机械会加大水稻的产后收获损失率;3)购买农机社会化服务可以降低联合收获中水稻收获损失率较低的农户损失率,同时也会降低分段收获中水稻收获损失率较高的农户损失率。