Salt,Water, and Groundwater Management Models to Determine Sustainable Cropping Patterns in Shallow Saline Groundwater Regions of Australia

SUMMARY

This article describes models which can consider the interactions between plants, soils, water, irrigation practices, crop yields, and economics under shallow, saline groundwater conditions. Personal computing capability has now made it possible to develop a range of interactive modeling tools based on existing and new biophysical concepts. In view of the large number of available models, it is not possible to cover all modeling efforts in a single article. Hence, the discussion in this article is limited to farm and irrigation area scale salt, water, and groundwater management models. It provides an introduction to the SWAGMAN suite of models that have been used in Australia to determine sustainable cropping patterns under shallow, saline water table conditions. Salient features and applications of a detailed process based model (SWAGMAN Destiny), a lumped hydrologic economic model (SWAGMAN Farm) and a distributed biophysical model (SWAGSIM) are provided.     

伊犁地区土地覆被变化及其对植被碳储量的影响

以伊犁地区为研究对象，以2005、2010年和2015年的土地覆被类型数据和植被功能型分类方案为依据，并利用植被固碳模型，分析了近10 a伊犁地区土地覆被变化特征及其对植被碳储量的影响。结果表明:1）伊犁地区土地覆被变化主要表现为农业用地、林地和建筑用地呈增加趋势，年变化率分别为0.007%、0.031%和0.001%，草地和灌木呈减少趋势，年变化率分别为0.003%和0.1%。2）10 a增加农业用地的面积为923.9 km²，主要的转化来源为草地，占转化总量的83.9%，同时也有78.8%的农业用地转化为草地。3）由于土地覆被的变化、植被净初级生产力以及不同土地覆被类型之间碳转化系数的影响，导致植被的碳储量总体上减少了2.48×10⁵ t。从整体上来看，伊犁地区的农业用地和草地的变化最为显著，土地覆被的变化导致的植被碳储量整体呈减少的趋势。由此可以得出，近10 a伊犁地区草地和农业用地的变化是影响植被碳储量的重要因素。     

甘草收获机械发展现状分析

本文通过对甘草生长状况的分析,简述了国内外甘草收获机械的发展现状,总结了国内外甘草收获机械存在的一些问题,并对其发展趋势进行了探讨。     

基因瞬时表达技术在园艺植物上的应用研究进展

 基因瞬时表达技术是近年来发展形成的一种快速高效的基因功能分析方法，应用广泛。本文综述了基因瞬时表达技术的原理、影响因素及其在园艺植物上的应用，指出该技术在当前应用中存在的不足并提出建议及展望。     

Winter cover crops influence Amaranthus palmeri establishment

Winter cover crops were evaluated for their effect on Amaranthus palmeri establishment and growth in cotton production. Cover crops examined included rye and four winter legumes: narrow-leaf lupine, crimson clover, Austrian winter pea, and cahaba vetch. Each legume was evaluated alone and in a mixture with rye. Cover crop biomass in monoculture was greatest for rye and lupine (>6750 kg ha⁻¹), while clover, pea, and vetch were less and ranged from 2810 to 4610 kg ha⁻¹. Cover crop biomass was more than doubled when rye was mixed with clover or vetch relative to the legume monoculture. In early-June, A. palmeri densities were 46 seedlings m⁻² in the non-disturbed areas between cotton rows in the fallow, while populations were <4 seedlings m⁻² with rolled vetch or pea and 18 and 29 seedlings m⁻² in rolled clover and lupine. Rye and legume mixtures reduced A. palmeri densities to <3 seedlings m⁻², while rye monocultures had 8 seedlings m⁻². There were no differences in A. palmeri densities (≥144 plants m⁻²) in the cotton row among cover crop treatments. By late-June, rye and winter pea controlled A. palmeri in the row middle >80% relative to the non-cover crop fallow treatment, while control from clover, vetch and lupine ranged from 64 to 70%. The relationship between A. palmeri control in between cotton rows and cover crop biomass was described by a log-logistic regression model with 4530 kg ha⁻¹ providing median weed control (Bio₅₀); predicted A. palmeri control was 25, 50, and 75% from 2950, 4900, and 8600 kg ha⁻¹ cover crop biomass, respectively. However, A. palmeri plants in the cotton rows prevented yield production in the absence of herbicides. Where A. palmeri was controlled with herbicides, the highest yields occurred following rye, with lower yields following lupin/rye mixture and treatments including pea. Management of herbicide resistant weed species requires diverse management tactics; this may include high-biomass cover crops to reduce weed establishment between crop rows. However, greater research effort is needed to devise weed management options for the crop row that do not rely exclusively on the diminishing array of herbicide tools.     

把握形势 明确方向 努力推进云南热带作物产业创新发展

分析当前云南热带作物产业发展形势、存在的主要问题和面临的挑战,提出了云南特色热作产业创新发展的方向和意见。     

Sustainable productivity and profitability of diversified rice-based cropping systems in an irrigated ecosystem

An experiment was conducted at ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Research Farm, Sabajpura, Patna (longitude 85°13′N and 1atitude 25°37′E), Bihar, India for four consecutive years 2004–05 to 2007–08 to develop a diversified cropping system for an irrigated ecosystem in Bihar by introducing pulse/oilseed/vegetables as a second or third crop in 10 rice-based cropping systems. Four crop cycles have been completed for all the cropping systems. During all years of the experiment there were significant variations among the cropping systems. Maximum paddy yield equivalent was recorded in rice–tomato–bottle gourd (40.44 t ha^?1) followed by rice–potato–onion (28.47 t ha^?1), rice–coriander–lady's fingers (26.79 t ha^?1), rice–carrot–cowpea (24.59 t ha^?1) and rice–mustard–tomato (24.44 t ha^?1). A higher value for the diversification index (DI) represents a higher level of crop diversification. It is evident from the results, that DI varies from 0.299 on a medium-sized farm to 0.903 on a small farm, with an average DI value of 0.643 among all farm categories. A survey revealed that the average DI value for small-scale farmers was highest (0.741) compared with the medium- (0.591) and large-scale (0.626) categories, and the differences were negligible. This seems reinforce the view that the smaller the farm, the higher the level of crop diversification.     

Evaluation of the water use efficiency of alternative farm practices at a range of spatial and temporal scales: A conceptual framework and a modelling approach

Water is the principal limiting resource in Australian broadacre farming, and the efficiency with which farmers use water to produce various products is a major determinant both of farm profit and of a range of natural resource management (NRM) outcomes. We propose a conceptual framework based on multiple water use efficiencies (WUEs) that can be used to gain insight into high-level comparisons of the productivity and sustainability of alternative farming practices across temporal and spatial scales. The framework is intended as a data aggregation and presentation device. It treats flows of water, biomass and money in a mixed farming system; economic inefficiencies in these flows are tracked as they are associated with a range of NRM indicators.We illustrate the use of the framework, and its place in a larger research programme, by employing it to synthesise the results from a set of modelling analyses of the effect of land use choices on long-term productivity and a range of NRM indicators (frequency of low ground cover, deep drainage, N leaching rates and rate of change in surface soil organic carbon). The analyses span scales from single paddocks and years to whole farms and have been carried out with the APSIM and GRAZPLAN biophysical simulation models and the MIDAS whole-farm economic model.In single wheat crops in one study, different land uses in preceding years affect grain yield primarily by affecting the harvest index. When the scale changes to cropping rotations, the critical factor affecting overall water use efficiency is found to be the proportion of stored soil water that is transpired by crops. When ordinated in terms of their water use efficiencies, a set of 45 modelled rotation sequences at another location are differentiated mainly by the proportion of pasture in the rotation; when rotations are ordinated using key NRM indicators, the proportion of lucerne pasture is the main distinguishing factor. Finally, we show that for whole crop-livestock farms at three different locations across southern Australia, the pattern of water use efficiencies in the most profitable farming systems changes in similar ways as cropping proportion is altered. At this scale, land use choices affect multiple water use efficiency indices simultaneously and commodity prices determine the balance of the resulting economic tradeoffs.Limitations to the use of the WUE framework arising from its relative simplicity are discussed, as are other areas of farming systems research and development to which it can be applied.     

RNAi与Bt毒素协同抗虫技术的应用与展望

Bt(Bacillus thuringiensis)毒素优异的抗虫性能和其环境友好性,使其代替了多种化学杀虫剂,在世界范围内得以广泛应用。但同时,过度依赖Bt毒素让许多害虫产生抗性,严重威胁转Bt基因作物和Bt杀虫剂的长期效能;而多种Bt毒素结合应用能产生协同作用或拮抗作用,有不确定性,稳定性较低,无法得到广泛应用。RNAi(RNA interference)技术能沉默特定基因的表达,且特异性强,不会造成环境污染,在害虫防治方面有巨大潜力。Bt毒素和RNAi技术的结合有望在害虫防治方面及抗虫育种的方面开辟一条新道路。为了研究Bt毒素与RNAi技术结合应用的优越性,就Bt毒素和RNAi技术在各自领域的应用及两者相结合应用的最新研究成果等方面进行了综述,总结了近年来RNAi技术与Bt毒素相结合在防控靶标害虫中的应用现状,并对该技术的研究前景提出展望。     

基于登记用量分析我国四大主粮作物田除草剂的登记现状

为除草剂合理减施提供数据参考，本研究于2019年7月3日自中国农药信息网查询我国四大主粮作物——小麦、水稻、玉米和马铃薯登记的除草剂，并对这4种作物田登记除草剂单剂（含原药）及混剂的条目数量进行整体分析，并对所有单剂有效成分以及不同剂型的登记条目数量进行分析，筛选出高用量单剂有效成分，分别从剂型和防治对象上进行用量分析，再将用量最高的4种有效成分、3种作物和3种防治对象进行组合，对已登记的组合进行用量分析。结果显示：有效成分用量最大值、均值和范围排序均依次为水稻田、小麦田、玉米田和马铃薯田，并选出15种高用量单剂有效成分，其中2甲4氯钠、2，4-滴钠盐、苯磺隆、丙草胺、丁草胺、2，4-滴二甲胺盐和2甲4氯二甲胺盐等存在用量差异大、异常高值点多的问题；登记除草剂单剂有效成分用量最高的剂型为可溶粉剂，用量最高的防治对象为阔叶杂草和莎草科杂草；2甲4氯钠-水稻-阔叶杂草和2甲4氯钠-水稻-莎草科杂草组合用量差异大且离群高值点多，究其原因可能与剂型、厂家有关。为减少除草剂用量，建议在最低有效剂量研究基础上，选择有效成分用量较低的除草剂品种。