基于GIS和气候-土地利用信息的西藏青稞种植适宜性区划

使用2009—2013年的CLDAS大气驱动场(V1.0)数据为气候数据源,结合影响西藏青稞种植的关键气候因子,确定生育期≥0℃的积温(T0)、最热月平均气温(Tmax)、生育期降水量(R)这3个气候因子作为西藏青稞种植区划指标,利用GIS技术进行西藏青稞种植气候适应性区划。为了得到既能满足气候需求又有耕地的实际可种植区域,本研究将土地资源信息与气候区划叠加。结果表明:青稞最适宜种植区域主要分布于雅江中游河谷2400~4100 m区域及昌都市的中部和南部,结果与事实相符。     

Cause and Consequence in Maize Planting Dates in Germany

An important part of agricultural adaptation is the timing of crop sowing dates, affecting yields and the level of risk incurred during a particular season. Cold stress is especially relevant in maize, Zea mays L., so that the timing of planting in the spring is a tactical response to short‐term weather, but is also subject to strategic planning with regard to longer‐term climate. Both factors compare the potential implications of cold stress to the additional yield obtainable through earlier planting. New cultivars suited to growing conditions in Europe and generally increasing spring temperatures have enabled earlier planting, but it is still dependent on short‐term weather during the planting period. In the context of field‐level decision‐making, a panel regression is used to estimate the relationship between weekly local temperature and precipitation and planting dates at specific sites throughout Germany. Next, localised weather data and planting behaviour are linked to yields at the district (Landkreis) level to show the effects of planting date on yield. Based on these relationships optimal planting dates are explored with some associated costs and benefits. Results show a trend towards earlier planting that follows observed increasing spring temperatures and the availability of more cold‐tolerant cultivars but this advance is buffered by the increasing severity of minimum temperatures during a critical period. Earlier planting potentially increases yield but this is offset by additional management costs and risk. A robust and simple depiction of farmer behaviour in climatic, technological and economic context can help to understand trends in crop management and productivity that effect agricultural landscapes.     

Managing soil quality for humanity and the planet

Rather than a human-centric, the basic strategy of achieving Sustainable Development Goals must be focused on restoring and sustaining planetary processes. The urgency of meeting the demands of the humanity must be reconciled with the necessity of enhancing the environment. Increasing and restoring soil organic matter content of the degraded and depleted soils is critical to strengthening planetary processes.     

Foliage‐applied sodium nitroprusside and hydrogen peroxide improves resistance against terminal drought in bread wheat

Terminal drought is threatening the wheat productivity worldwide, which is consumed as a staple food by millions across the globe. This study was conducted to examine the influence of foliage‐applied stress signalling molecules hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂; 50, 100, 150 μm ) and nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 50, 100, 150 μm ) on resistance against terminal drought in two bread wheat cultivars Mairaj‐2008 and BARS‐2009. These stress signalling molecules were applied at anthesis stage (BBCH 61); drought was then imposed by maintaining pots at 35% water holding capacity. Terminal drought caused significant reduction in grain yield of both tested bread wheat cultivars; however, foliage application of both stress signalling molecules at either concentration improved the performance of both bread wheat cultivars. Maximum improvement in 100‐grain weight (12.2%), grains per spike (19.7%), water‐use efficiency (WUE; 19.8%), chlorophyll content index (10.7%), total soluble phenolics (21.6%) and free leaf proline (34.3%), and highest reduction in leaf malondialdehyde contents (20.4%) was recorded when H₂O₂ was foliage‐applied at 100 μm . Foliage application of SNP enhanced the grains per spike, 100‐grain weight and grain yield by 14.9%, 11.3% and 20.1%, respectively, than control. The foliage‐applied stress signalling molecules improved the accumulation of soluble phenolics, proline and glycine betaine with simultaneous reduction in malondialdehyde contents, which enabled wheat plants to sustain the biological membranes under stress resulting in better stay green (high chlorophyll contents) under drought. This helped improving the grain number, grain weight, grain yield, WUE and transpiration efficiency. In crux, foliage‐applied H₂O₂ and SNP, at pre‐optimized rate, may be opted to lessen the drought‐induced yield losses in bread wheat in climate change conditions.     

Projecting future habitat quality of three midwestern reservoir fishes under warming conditions

Rising temperatures caused by climate change are likely to affect cool‐water and warm‐water fishes differently. Yet, forecasts of anticipated temperature effects on fishes of different thermal guilds are lacking, especially in freshwater ecosystems. Towards this end, we used spatially explicit, growth rate potential (GRP) models to project changes in seasonal habitat quality for a warm‐water piscivore (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides), a cool‐water piscivore (walleye Sander vitreus) and a hybrid piscivore (saugeye S. vitreus × S. canadensis) in two Midwestern reservoirs. We assessed habitat quality for two periods (early and middle 21st century) under two realistic greenhouse gas emission scenarios (a mid‐century emissions peak and a rapid continuous increase in emissions). Largemouth bass were projected to experience enhanced or slightly reduced habitat during all seasons, and throughout the mid‐21st century. By contrast, walleye habitat was projected to decline with anticipated warming, except during the spring in the smaller of our two study reservoirs and during the fall in the larger of our two study reservoirs. Saugeye habitat was projected to either increase modestly or decline slightly during the spring and fall and declines in habitat quality and quantity that were smaller than those for walleye were identified during summer. Collectively, our findings indicate that climate warming will differentially alter habitat suitability for reservoir piscivores, favouring warm‐water species over cool‐water species. We expect these changes in habitat quality to impact the dynamics of reservoir fish populations to varying degrees necessitating the consideration of climate when making future management decisions.     

陕西安康烟区生育期气候综合指数对烤烟化学成分的影响

为了明确烤烟不同生育期气候资源对烟叶品质的贡献率，以陕西安康烟区2002—2011年气象资料和烟叶化学成分为材料，采用主成分分析法，对烤烟不同生育期的平均温度、降水量和日照时数进行分析，构建不同生育期的气候综合指数(CCI)；采用相关分析、通径分析和决策分析对各生育期CCI与烟叶化学成分的关系进行分析。结果表明：不同生育期CCI对烟碱含量的影响以采烤前期最大，旺长期最小，对采烤前期的影响主要为直接作用；对烟叶总糖含量的影响以采烤后期最大，采烤前期最小，对采烤后期的影响主要为直接作用和通过旺长期的间接作用；对烟叶糖碱比的影响以采烤后期最大，旺长期最小，采烤后期的影响主要为直接作用和通过采烤前期的间接作用。     

Environmental Change and the Sustainability of European Forests

Summary

It is some years now since forest decline was a major public concern in Europe and was one of the principal environmental issues around which international research programs were focused. A number of internationally coordinated activities were initiated in the 1980s and 1990s and have continued until now; these contributed significantly to our current understanding of forestry and to the way in which forestry policies have developed. In short, the concept of sustainable development has had an increasing influence and is now of immeasurable value in forest policy, with sustainable forest management well established as its guiding principle. This sequence of events is examined here. The extent to which understanding has advanced is remarkable; much has changed. Arguably this period gave the first indication of the extent to which forests and ecosystems globally are threatened by environmental change. On the basis of the last 20 years, it is tempting to conclude that we now have an effective institutional framework and have made excellent progress. However, some of the recorded ecosystem responses seem anomalous; there are surprises in system responses, e.g., the linkage between sulphur and nitrogen depositions and forest growth. Even more importantly some specific pollutant problems remain and will intensify, and climate change has become an environmental issue of overwhelming importance.     

汉中盆地低山丘陵茶叶生产生态气候分析

通过对汉中盆地现有茶区生态气候状况的分析及与同纬度东部平原茶区比较，找出了汉中茶区生态气候和品质的比较优势与存在问题，提出：在退耕还茶中宜建生态茶园；生态园、老茶园和林区应根据局地小气候条件合理布局交错种植；宜推广无性繁殖和无污染管理技术。     

祁连山南麓高寒灌丛GPP变化特征及对生长季积温的响应

全球气候变化背景下气温逐渐升高,将会对陆地生态系统碳循环产生重要影响。研究利用2003?2016年的涡度相关系统观测资料,研究了祁连山南麓高寒灌丛生长季(5月?9月)总初级生产力(gross primary productivity,GPP)在不同时间尺度上对生长季有效积温(growing season degree days,GDD)的响应,对于研究气候变暖对高寒生态系统碳循环的影响有重要意义。结果表明:高寒灌丛生态系统在生长季的月GPP、GDD都表现为先增大后减小的单峰变化趋势,都在7月或8月达到峰值,在5月达到最小值。在整个生长季尺度上,GPP与GDD具有较高变异性,但整体上表现为逐渐增加的趋势(P<0.05)。2003?2016年整个生长季GPP与GDD的均值分别为507.11 g·m^?2和975.93℃。在月尺度和生长季尺度上,GPP与GDD都呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。但是,通过比较生长季每个月GPP与GDD的关系发现,5、9月的GPP与GDD没有显著相关性(P>0.05),而在7月相关性最为显著(P<0.01)。整体上看,高寒灌丛生态系统植被的总初级生产力与热量条件表现为正相关关系,由此说明在全球气候变暖的背景下,青藏高原高寒灌丛生态系统植被的光合生产能力将会提高。     

气候变暖对新疆不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿种植适宜性的影响

基于新疆102个气象台站1961?2019年逐日平均气温、最低气温资料,采用统计学方法以及ArcGIS的空间插值技术,在对影响新疆紫花苜蓿种植的主要气候因子 ≥ 5 ℃积温、冬季最低气温时空变化特征分析的基础上,以80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温作为指标因子,研究了气候变暖背景下,新疆不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿种植气候适宜性的变化。结果表明：新疆80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温的空间分布总体呈现“南疆多(高),北疆少(低);平原多(高),山区少(低)”的格局。受上述两指标要素空间分异的综合影响,秋眠级4～6级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区主要分布在南疆的塔里木盆地以及东疆的吐鲁番盆地和哈密盆地;秋眠级2～3级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区分布在塔里木盆地、吐鲁番盆地和哈密盆地周边山前倾斜平原,伊犁河谷以及准噶尔盆地西部和东部的低平原地带;秋眠级1～2级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区分布在北疆北部、西部,准噶尔盆地腹地以及天山和昆仑山中、低山带;阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山区大部为紫花苜蓿不适宜种植区。影响不同秋眠级紫花苜蓿种植的主导因子不同,秋眠级4～6级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区以及紫花苜蓿不宜种植区主要受80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温的影响;秋眠级1～2级和2～3级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区主要受90%保证率冬季最低气温的影响。在全球变暖背景下,近59年新疆 ≥ 5 ℃积温和冬季最低气温分别以65.52 (℃·d)·10 a?1和0.63 ℃·10 a?1的倾向率呈极显著(P < 0.001)上升趋势,80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温也总体增多或升高,但其变化具有阶段性差异,时段Ⅰ (1961–1980年) 80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温和90%保证率冬季最低气温为近59年最低时期;时段Ⅱ(1981?2000年)较时段Ⅰ的90%保证率冬季最低气温升高2.9 ℃,但80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温变化不大;时段Ⅲ(2001?2019年)较时段Ⅱ的90%保证率冬季最低气温不升反降0.8 ℃,而80%保证率 ≥ 5 ℃积温增加147.0 ℃·d。受上述气候要素变化的影响,近59年新疆秋眠级4～6级和2～3级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区呈扩大趋势,而秋眠级1～2级紫花苜蓿适宜种植区及紫花苜蓿不宜种植区呈减小趋势。这表明气候变暖对新疆紫花苜蓿种植的发展总体趋于有利。