畜牧粪便堆沤过程中磷素转化与流失风险分析

循环利用畜禽养殖粪便中的磷素是解决农业资源短缺和环境污染的重要途径。为了探寻亚热带农业区常规方式下养殖粪便中磷含量变化规律和环境流失风险,本研究模拟传统农户的固体堆沤方式,对猪粪和牛粪混合秸秆进行为期两个月的自然堆沤发酵试验,测定全磷、无机磷、有机磷、水溶性磷、柠檬酸提取态磷、Olsen-P指标。研究结果表明:(1)不同物料发酵磷素在化学形态上存在明显差异,猪粪发酵磷组分含量:水溶性磷Olsen-P≈柠檬酸提取态磷,牛粪发酵:柠檬酸提取态磷水溶性磷OlsenP,且猪粪堆体中各形态磷含量高于牛粪;(2)猪粪堆沤过程中存在明显无机磷向有机磷转化过程,提高了堆体有机磷和全磷含量,但是这种现象在牛粪堆沤过程中不明显;(3)猪粪在堆沤过程中由于微生物发酵引发的有机质的快速分解和损失,会"浓缩"堆体中磷素含量,从而加剧堆沤过程中全磷的降雨径流流失风险,因此在降雨频繁的地区和传统农户固体自然堆沤方式下,虽然猪粪堆沤发酵能更好地提高养殖废弃物中磷素有效性,但也应当注意堆沤过程中的潜在径流流失环境风险。     

广东典型稻田系统磷素径流流失特征

选择位于广东省增城、清远和高州地区的3个稻田试验点,于2008-2012年对稻田磷径流损失进行动态监测。结果表明,稻田径流事件主要发生在早稻季。常规施肥模式下稻田总磷径流浓度为0.02~1.56 mg·L^-1,11%~18%的径流样品总磷浓度超过地表水Ⅴ类水标准（0.4 mg·L^-1）,施磷后14 d内降雨易导致稻田不同形态磷浓度出现峰值,具有一定环境污染风险。施磷不同程度增加稻田可溶性总磷径流负荷,对颗粒磷和总磷流失负荷无规律性影响。稻田磷径流负荷时空变化较大,常规施肥条件下可溶性总磷、颗粒磷、总磷年径流负荷分别为0.63~4.05、0.33~2.91、1.10~6.68 kg·hm^-2。本地区稻田磷流失系数为0.06%~6.81%,可溶性总磷是稻田磷径流流失主要形态。施肥量和降雨、径流量是影响本地区稻田磷径流损失的主要因子。     

喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应

为探究喀斯特地区坡面不同土地利用方式下水土流失及磷素输出对次降雨特征的响应,对喀斯特地区不同土地利用方式(水保林、耕地、自然草地、裸地、经果林)坡面场次降雨的水土流失和磷素输出进行了分析。结果表明:5种土地利用方式的径流系数由大到小整体表现为裸地自然草地耕地水保林经果林,而单位面积产沙量、单位面积磷流失量整体表现为耕地裸地经果林水保林自然草地。其中耕地和裸地在大雨量、高强度降雨事件的影响下径流系数、单位面积产沙量、单位面积磷流失量急剧增大。雨强是影响水土流失、磷素输出的重要因素,可以很好地拟合水土流失量。径流中磷素输出以颗粒态磷(PP)为主,占总磷(TP)的比例介于75.47%~97.91%之间。降雨引起的耕地径流[0.73 mg·L-1ρ(TP)2.49 mg·L-1]、裸地径流[0.10 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.50 mg·L-1]和经果林径流[0.13 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.46 mg·L-1]磷输出对受纳水体磷的含量有增加的风险,而自然草地径流[0.03 mg·L-1ρ(TP)0.09mg·L-1]影响较小。坡面水土流失和磷素输出与降雨过程、土地利用方式关系密切,可以通过优化土地利用结构、减少人为扰动有效防治水土流失,减轻流域面源污染。     

添加氧化镁和铵明矾对菜田高磷土壤活性磷的影响

为研究不同种类钝化剂对土壤磷素的固定效果,通过室内培养试验,向土壤中添加氧化镁、铵明矾及二者不同比例的混合物,研究其对土壤0.01 mol·L~(-1)CaCl_2浸提磷、0.5 mol·L~(-1)NaHCO_3浸提磷含量及磷素组分的影响。结果表明:与未钝化的对照处理相比,向土壤分别添加0.5%和2.0%(m/m)的氧化镁、铵明矾或其混合物培养45 d后,均显著降低了土壤CaCl_2浸提磷含量。添加氧化镁或铵明矾分别降低了87.8%(0.5%)、98.0%(2.0%)和44.4%(0.5%)、88.8%(2.0%)的CaCl_2浸提磷含量,而二者混合物的钝化效果明显弱于氧化镁。添加2.0%的氧化镁、铵明矾或其混合物对土壤NaHCO_3浸提磷含量降低明显,但氧化镁和铵明矾的混合物降低土壤NaHCO_3浸提磷的效果弱于铵明矾。对培养45 d后的土壤进行Hedley分组测定磷素组分发现,添加氧化镁或铵明矾显著降低了土壤H_2O浸提总磷和NaHCO_3浸提总磷含量,添加铵明矾显著增加了土壤中Na OH浸提总磷的含量。氧化镁、铵明矾和土壤活性磷不同的作用机理是导致氧化镁固定CaCl_2-P效果显著而铵明矾固定Olsen-P效果显著的主要原因。     

磷肥和钾肥不同配施方式对其养分在土壤中迁移的影响

采用单点源滴灌试验方法,模拟滴灌条件下磷(P)、钾(K)肥作为基肥一次施入和随水分施入两种不同的配施方式下速效P、K含量在土壤中的时空分布变化情况。结果表明:对于可溶性较好的磷、钾肥作为基肥施入土壤后,均随着滴灌水的下渗运移而发生迁移,速效磷的高值区出现在湿润区的边缘附近,速效钾则比较均匀的分布在湿润区内;随水分施磷肥,仅在湿润区深度20cm,水平方向15cm以内的土层发生积累。在施加磷肥总量一致时,随水分施入土壤速效磷含量的最大值明显高于作为基肥施入的最大值;随水分施钾肥,速效钾在土壤中的分布也趋于均匀,但是在滴水点附近形成高值区,且随水分施钾肥可在一定程度上减缓速效钾在土壤中的迁移速度。     

基于稻田控水减排的氮肥运筹试验研究

为改善江汉平原地区稻田水肥管理措施,采用田间小区试验,研究了常规淹灌(CF)和浅灌深蓄(SIDS)条件下,农民习惯施肥(FFP)、30%尿素+70%控释参混肥(30%N+70%CRF)和优化减氮施肥(OPT-N)对水稻各生育阶段稻田氮磷流失特征、养分吸收和土壤养分积累的影响。结果表明:与CF处理相比,SIDS处理田间灌溉水量、总用水量、径流量和渗漏量分别降低41.7%,18.5%,45.8%和21.9%,降雨利用率增加16.2%,TN和TP径流流失量分别降低32.6%~35.9%和36.4%~53.1%,渗漏流失量分别降低22.8%~32.0%和16.2%~33.3%,水稻返青期—拔节孕穗期分别占稻田氮磷径流和渗漏流失总量的70%以上。30%N+70%CRF处理、OPT-N处理较FFP处理,TN径流流失量分别降低19.7%~29.2%,15.1%~25.2%,渗漏流失量分别降低25.4%~51.7%,20.9%~26.4%,TP渗漏流失量分别降低18.4%~24.5%,20.4%~31.6%,但TP径流流失量差别很小。从水稻养分吸收和土壤养分积累来看,SIDS处理实际产量相对CF处理可增产4.4%,但对0—40cm土层氮磷养分累积影响不大,30%N+70%CRF处理和OPT-N处理相对FFP处理可增产5.6%和0.4%,且0—20cm土层速效态氮磷养分能维持在一个较高且相对稳定的水平。综上,浅灌深蓄结合30%N+70%CRF施用有利于稻田节水、减少氮磷流失、水稻增产以及土壤肥力改善。     

不同施肥处理对三峡库区柑橘园土壤氮磷淋失影响

在2017年8月利用原状土柱模拟淋溶试验对三峡库区秭归县柑橘园土壤的氮磷淋溶流失进行研究,探讨不同施肥处理对土壤氮、磷淋失的影响,为三峡库区农业面源污染的防控提供理论依据。试验设置6个处理,分别为不施肥处理(T0)、减量施肥(T1)、常量施肥(T2)、增量施肥(T3)、常量复合肥A施肥(T4)和常量复合肥B施肥(T5)。结果表明:(1)不同施肥处理下,柑橘园土壤淋滤液中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)和铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)的淋溶浓度范围分别为37.16~163.07,0.61~6.69,27.54~79.38,2.37~7.10mg/L。(2)施肥量和施肥种类皆为土壤中氮磷淋溶的影响因素。在相同施肥种类下,土壤氮磷淋溶浓度随施肥量增加而显著增加,但施肥量高到一定程度后,淋溶浓度增长幅度会降低。在相同施氮量下,硝态氮的淋失受施肥种类影响最大,铵态氮最小。(3)在土壤淋滤液中,硝态氮为可溶性氮主要淋失形态,其淋失量占TN淋失量的比率为29.72%~46.18%,NH_4~+—N淋失量的比重为1.09%~2.05%。从研究结果推论,常量复合肥A施肥处理更有利于肥料氮向供植物吸收可溶性氮转化并降低施肥后土壤中氮素累积的风险。     

不同浓度螯合剂和浸提时间对土壤磷素提取效果研究

为确定螯合剂活化土壤磷素的最佳浓度和最优浸提时间,参考水肥一体化技术,在室内浸提条件下,研究了不同浓度(0,0.05,0.1,0.25,0.5,1.0g/L)乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)和柠檬酸螯合剂(pH=4)在不同浸提时间(1,12,24,48,72h)下对粮田、菜田土壤和有效磷被钝化后菜田土壤中磷素提取效果。结果表明:EDTA和柠檬酸在粮田土壤上对磷素提取中最佳条件为螯合剂浓度0.05g/L,浸提时间12h。EDTA和柠檬酸在菜田土壤、明矾钝化和混合钝化(明矾∶白云石为1∶1)菜田土壤上提取磷素的最佳条件为螯合剂浓度0.5g/L,浸提时间12h;而在白云石钝化土壤中则为螯合剂浓度0.5g/L,浸提时间1h。总体来看,柠檬酸的活化提取磷素效果优于EDTA,尤其是在采用明矾和白云石钝化的土壤上。     

Correlating phosphorus extracted by simple soil extraction methods with foliar phosphorus concentrations of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. and Fagus sylvatica (L.)

Phosphorus (P) concentrations in needles and leaves of forest trees are declining in the last years in Europe. For a sustainable forest management the knowledge of site specific P nutrition/availability in forest soils is vital, but we are lacking verified simple methods for the estimation of plant available P. Within this study, four soil P extraction methods [water ( ), double‐lactate (P_lac), citric acid (P_cit), and sodium bicarbonate ( )], as well as total P content of the soil (P_tot) were tested to investigate which method is best correlated with foliar P concentrations of spruce [Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.] and beech [Fagus sylvatica (L.)]. Mineral soil samples from 5 depth levels of 48 forest sites of the Bavarian sample set of the second National Forest Soil Inventory (BZE II) were stratified according to tree species (spruce and beech) and soil pH (pH < 6.2 and > 6.2), covering the whole range of P nutrition. The extractable amount of P per mass unit of soil increased in the order << P_lac < < P_cit, decreased with soil depth, and was higher in soils with pH < 6.2. Citric acid extracted up to 10% of P_tot in acidic soils. Whereas P_cit delivers adequate regression models for P nutrition in the case of spruce (R² up to 0.53) and beech (R² up to 0.58) for acidic soils, shows good results for spruce growing on acidic soils (R² up to 0.66) and for beech on soils with pH > 6.2 (R² up to 0.57). P_lac produces adequate models only for beech on high pH soils (R² up to 0.64), while did not produce acceptable regression models. P_tot seems suitable to explain the P nutrition status of beech on acidic (R² up to 0.62) and alkaline soils (R² up to 0.61). Highest R²s are obtained mostly in soil depths down to 40 cm. As and P_cit showed good results for both investigated tree species, they should be considered preferentially in future studies.     

Fate of phosphorus in soil during a long‐term fertilization experiment in Finland

Accumulation and depletion of soil phosphorus (P) was studied in a long‐term (37 y) field experiment in Southern Finland. The loam soil had a high pH (7.5–7.7) due to an earlier liming. Spring barley, spring wheat, oat, and ryegrass, grown in rotation, were annually fertilized with 0, 32, or 67 kg P ha^?1 y^?1 (P₀, P₁, and P₂K) and sufficient N. The average dry matter grain yield 2,600 kg ha^?1 of the P₀ plots increased by about 500 kg ha^?1 at P₁ treatment and another 600 kg ha^?1 by P₂K. Soil samples were collected in 1978 (beginning), 1995, 2005, and 2015. According to the Chang and Jackson sequential extraction, the P₂K and P₁ treatments increased the inorganic soil P by 732 and 32 kg P ha ^?1 in 37 years, respectively, while the P₀ plots were depleted by –459 kg P ha ^?1. The P₂K treatment increased all four P fractions, extracted with NH₄Cl (easily soluble), NH₄F (Al‐P), NaOH (Fe‐P), and H₂SO₄ (Ca‐P). Continuous depletion (P₀) decreased the NH₄Cl‐P and NH₄F‐P pools, NaOH‐P and H₂SO₄‐P pools remaining stable. None of the P pools changed significantly at P₁. The remarkable gap between the measured change and the balance for the P₂K and P₁ treatments cannot be explained solely by lateral soil movement, meaning that a significant proportion of the applied P was lost either in surface runoff or transported below the investigated depth of 40 cm. Despite large P applications, the degree of P saturation reached only 20% in the P₂K topsoil, assuming a 50% reactivity of Fe and Al oxides. As derived from sorption isotherms, a high EPC₀ (i.e., equilibrium P concentration at zero net P sorption or desorption) of 1.30 mg L^?1 had been built up in the P₂K treatment, while in the P₁ treatment EPC₀ (0.33 mg L^?1) had remained unchanged and P depletion (P₀) had caused a decrease to 0.12 mg L^?1. These results demonstrate that P sorption and desorption properties respond strongly to both P fertilization and null fertilization treatments and that in a long‐term field experiment only a low proportion of the residual fertilizer P can be recovered from soil.