乙二胺四乙酸和柠檬酸活化石灰性土壤磷素的潜力评估

  【目的】  长期施磷形成的高磷残留土壤，面临土壤酸化、钙镁离子淋失等问题。本研究采用肥料中常见的螯合剂乙二胺四乙酸 (EDTA) 和柠檬酸，研究其对不同磷含量的石灰性土壤中磷素的活化作用，以期为磷肥减施和土壤残留磷高效利用提供有效途径。  【方法】  供试低磷、高磷和白云石改良土壤取自北京市房山区的石灰性土壤，3种供试土壤的全磷含量依次为0.95、1.90和1.91 g/kg，有效磷含量依次为7.39、160和152 mg/kg。采用室内往复振荡浸提方法，两种浸提剂为EDTA和柠檬酸，低磷土壤浸提剂浓度为0.05 g/L，浸提时间为12 h，高磷土壤和改良土壤浸提剂浓度均为0.5 g/L，浸提时间分别为12 h和1 h。每个土壤样品采用相同方法连续浸提10次，同时以去离子水浸提作为对照。测定了浸提液中磷、钙、镁、铁、铝含量，计算各元素的单次浸提量和累积浸提量。全部浸提后，用蒋顾磷分组法测定了土壤中不同组分磷的含量。  【结果】  EDTA和柠檬酸在低磷土壤中单次磷素浸提量均较低，且累积浸提量之间差异不显著，连续浸提10次后磷素的累积浸提量不及土壤全磷的3%；而在高磷土壤和施入白云石的改良土壤中，柠檬酸和EDTA的单次磷素浸提量为低磷土壤的7～64倍，磷素累积浸提量超过土壤总磷的20%，且柠檬酸处理高于EDTA处理。在低磷土壤中，磷素的累积浸提量仅与铁和铝离子的累积浸提量显著相关，在高磷土壤中，磷素的累积浸提量与钙、镁、铁和铝离子的累积浸提量均显著正相关，且相关系数均在0.78以上，而在白云石改良土壤中，磷素的累积浸提量与铝离子的累积浸提量之间无显著相关关系。进一步分析浸提前后土壤磷素组分变化可知，在低磷土壤中，去离子水、EDTA和柠檬酸经10次浸提后土壤Ca₂-P显著增加；在高磷土壤中，EDTA和柠檬酸处理浸提的土壤Ca₂-P、Ca₈-P较去离子水处理显著降低了16.1%、14.9%和37.1%、5.4%。此外，柠檬酸处理还降低了31.4%的土壤Al-P，EDTA和柠檬酸在改良土壤上对于各组分磷的浸提量与在高磷土壤上相似。  【结论】  在连续浸提的条件下，EDTA 和柠檬酸在低磷土壤上无明显活化磷素的效果，而在高磷土壤上和施入白云石的改良土壤上则可持续浸提出大于总磷量20%的磷素。高磷土壤和改良后土壤中被浸提磷素主要来自Ca₂-P和Ca₈-P，少部分来自Al-P和Fe-P。     

不同淋洗剂对不同性质污染土壤中镉的浸提效率比较

以三种外源添加Cd的低污染土壤(酸性、石灰性和高有机质土壤)为研究对象,对比了两种螯合剂,两种酸性溶液对Cd的浸提效果。结果表明,螯合剂的浸提效率高于酸性溶液,并呈现出EDTAEDDS柠檬酸和HCl的顺序。三种土壤上,在0.05~0.20 mol L-1的浓度范围内,EDTA和EDDS随浓度的升高对Cd的浸提效率差异不显著,表明螯合剂在过量的情况下并不能显著提高Cd的浸提效率;而柠檬酸和HCl对Cd的浸提效率随浓度的升高而增加,尤其在石灰性土壤上,浓度的升高极显著地提高了浸提效率。外源添加Cd污染土壤上Cd浸提效率极显著高于田间无污染土壤。研究结果显示EDTA用于Fe、Ca含量均较低的土壤效果更好,EDDS宜用于有机质和黏粒含量均较低的土壤,而柠檬酸和HCl宜用于酸性土壤。     

熏蒸浸提法测定碱性土微生物生物量碳初探

为探究熏蒸浸提法测定碱性土壤微生物生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon,MBC)的最优熏蒸时间和浸提液浓度,本研究采用9种熏蒸时间、2种K_2SO_4浸提液浓度对不同有机质含量的碱性土壤MBC进行了测定。结果表明:(1)对于碱性土壤,熏蒸时间的选择与土壤有机质含量有关,土壤有机质含量越高,MBC提取值达到稳定的熏蒸时间越长。建议测定高有机质土壤(≥60 g/kg)MBC时熏蒸时间不少于24 h;测定中、低有机质土壤(≤30g/kg)MBC时熏蒸时间不少于18 h。(2)土壤有机质含量影响K2SO4浸提液的提取效率,测定高、中有机质土壤MBC时需要0.5 mol/L K_2SO_4浸提液进行提取;在低有机质土壤MBC测定中,0.25 mol/L K_2SO_4浸提液即可。(3)对于未知有机质含量的碱性土壤建议氯仿熏蒸时间至少为24 h,K_2SO_4浸提液浓度为0.5 mol/L。     

石灰性土壤有效硒浸提剂和浸提条件研究

采用外源硒加入土壤中得到硒污染土壤,6种有效硒的浸提剂NaHCO3、KH2PO4、K2SO4、EDTA、AB-DTPA和DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl2的最佳浸提时间和土液比进行了筛选,并通过盆栽试验对所选择的土壤有效硒浸提剂进行生物学校验,以找出石灰性土壤有效硒提取适宜的浸提剂及其浸提条件。结果表明,NaHCO3、KH2PO4、K2SO4、EDTA、AB-DTPA和DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl26种浸提剂有效硒浸提量都随着浸提土液比的减小而增大,且随浸提时间的增长而增大。其中NaHCO3和KH2PO4最佳土液比为1/15,振荡时间90min;K2SO4和AB-DTPA的最佳土液比为1/15,振荡时间60min;EDTA和DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl2的最佳土液比则为1/20,振荡时间30min。6种浸提剂在各自最佳的提取条件下提取的土壤有效硒量与白菜地上部分硒含量达极显著正相关,但土壤有效硒的提取量以DTPA＋TEA＋CaCl2及K2SO4最少,只占KH2PO4、AB-DTPA及EDTA提取量的14%～48%,故不适用于作为石灰性土壤有效硒的提取剂。NaHCO3适用于土壤硒含量高于5mg·kg^-1的石灰性土壤有效硒提取。KH2PO4、AB-DTPA及EDTA3种浸提剂既可提取土壤中水溶态硒,亦可提取部分的吸附态硒,提取硒数量较多,过程简单,重复性好,都可作为石灰性土壤有效硒提取的浸提剂。     

石灰性土壤磷素的化学活化途径探讨

用草酸、草酸钠、柠檬酸和柠檬酸钠作为活化剂，加人不同含磷水平土壤中，通过室内培养试验和分析，结果表明：(1)0．1M草酸和0．1M柠檬酸都有一定的活化土壤磷素的作用，草酸作用最为显著。而相同浓度的草酸钠和柠檬酸钠未显示对土壤磷素的活化效果。(2)对土壤磷素的活化作用，草酸随其浓度的增加而增强，而柠檬酸活化土壤磷的能力有限。(3)柠檬酸在加人的6h之内，对活化土壤速效磷作用明显；而草酸在加人的48h之内，对活化土壤速效磷有十分显著的作用。无论是柠檬酸还是草酸，在其对土壤速效磷发挥活化作用期间，均随加人时间的延长而减弱。     

用于液体肥料的堆肥浸提液提取工艺参数

堆肥浸提液是一种很好的液体肥料和生防剂。为了获得用于液体肥料的堆肥浸提液提取工艺参数,以腐熟猪粪堆肥为原料,采用正交试验研究了水和0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液为浸提剂,在好氧和厌氧条件下不同浸提比例（分别为1:10、1:8、1:6.67、1:5和1:4）和浸提时间（12～144 h）对堆肥浸提液中可提取的主要速效养分含量和可浸提主要成分提取率的影响。结果表明,用水作为提取剂时,最适工艺参数是通气良好,浸提比例1:5,提取时间72 h;用0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液提取时,最适工艺参数是通气良好,浸提比例1:5,提取时间36 h。说明水和0.5 mol/L硫酸钾溶液作提取剂,在常温下采用合适的提取比例和提取时间都能获得较好的养分提取效果。     

重金属污染土壤清洗导致几种营养元素流失的研究

通过HCl、柠檬酸、EDTA这3种提取剂对Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn污染土壤的漫提试验，研究了土壤清洗洗脱重金属的效果，并探讨了土壤清洗导致K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn这几种营养元素的流失和有效性的改变。试验结果表明，土壤清洗能有效地洗脱土壤中的Ph、Cd、Cu、Zn，伺时也造成了土壤中K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn的流失，降低了其中部分营养元素的有效性。EDTA对重金属的洗脱能力大于HCl和柠檬酸。HCl漫提造成的K、Ca、Mg的流失量大于柠檬酸和EDTA，柠檬酸浸提造成的Fe流失量大于HCl和EDTA，EDTA漫提造成的Mn流失量大于HCl和柠檬酸。HCl和柠檬酸浸提降低了土壤K、Ca、Mg的有效性EDTA浸提提高了土壤K的有效性。降低了土壤Ca的有效性。在高浓度时（50mmol／L），EDTA显著地降低了土壤Mg的有效性。HCl漫提导致土壤K的有效性下降比柠檬酸严重，高浓度的EDTA浸提导致土壤Ca的有效性下降比HCl和柠檬酸严重。HCl、柠檬酸、EDTA浸提都能提高土壤中Fe的有效性．且EDTA的效应大于其它2种萃取剂；在低浓度时，3种提取剂都能提高土壤中Mn的有效性，且以柠檬酸的作用最为明显，当提取剂浓度增加时，Mn的有效性有所回落。     

二氧化碳联合螯合剂强化向日葵修复铜污染土壤研究

【目的】以向日葵为研究材料,探讨其在CO2浓度升高条件下修复铜(Cu)污染土壤的效率以及对比CO2与螯合剂联合诱导下向日葵对铜污染土壤修复效率的差异,并筛选出对CO2浓度升高响应显著的品种,以期为利用植物修复铜污染土壤提供数据支撑。【方法】 在设置两个CO2浓度的人工气候室内(正常浓度370 mol/mol和升高浓度800 mol/mol),采用完全随机设计的盆栽土培试验,通过5个不同品种的向日葵,向铜污染水平为100mg/kg的土壤上施加不同浓度EDTA和DTPA,研究CO2浓度与螯合剂联合施用对向日葵修复铜污染土壤效率的影响。【结果】 1)不同螯合剂用量对铜污染土壤的浸提效果显著不同,根据螯合剂浸提土壤铜的高含量低毒性效应,选取EDTA 3 mmol/kg土和DTPA 5 mmol/kg土作为螯合剂的施加剂量。2)施入螯合剂后,CO2浓度升高一定程度上缓解了向日葵的失绿、 失水,增加了食葵3号和阿尔泰2号的总生物量,但降低了食葵4号和阿尔泰1号的总生物量。3)在相同CO2浓度下,加入螯合剂后明显提高土壤pH值,且DTPA处理的增幅明显高于EDTA处理。CO2浓度升高处理虽对土壤pH值有影响,但CO2施肥与不施肥处理间五个品种的土壤pH值无显著差异。4)试验选用的5个品种中,食葵4号、 阿尔泰1号在CO2浓度升高后,向日葵地上部蓄铜量明显降低;食葵3号、 油生引2号在CO2浓度升高后,向日葵地上部蓄铜量略有升高;阿尔泰2号在二氧化碳浓度升高后,向日葵地上部蓄铜量明显升高。CO2与DTPA 5 mmol/kg土联合施用, 5个品种向日葵茎叶内铜含量较对照增加239％～646％;铜蓄积量较对照增加230％～362％。二氧化碳与EDTA 3 mmol/kg 联合施用时,EDTA的活化作用未达到最佳效果,对5个品种向日葵茎、 叶内铜含量的影响不一致。【结论】CO2浓度升高一定程度上可以增强向日葵的抗性。在100 mg/kg铜污染土壤上,阿尔泰2号对二氧化碳浓度升高的反应最敏感,同时二氧化碳与螯合剂联合施用时,螯合剂可能是影响土壤pH值变化的主要因子。在铜污染水平为100 mg/kg的土壤上,与EDTA施用量为3 mmol/kg土相比,5 mmol/kg土的DTPA与CO2联合施用的修复效果更好。     

不同浸提剂对海南稻田土壤有效硒浸提效果比较

在海南定安县采集硒(Se)含量水平不同的3个代表性稻田土壤,结合水稻幼苗盆栽试验与黑麦草幼苗培养试验,用H2O(pH4.5)、0.5mol/LNaHCO3(pH8.5)和0.1mol/LKH2PO4三种浸提剂进行海南稻田土壤有效Se浸提效果的比较研究。结果表明:3种浸提剂提取的有效Se与植株累积的Se都呈极显著正相关,但H2O的提取能力弱。在水稻幼苗试验中,0.1mol/LKH2PO4与0.5mol/LNaHCO3相比,浸提时间短,测定的土壤有效Se的平均变异系数较小,且与水稻植株累积Se的相关系数较大,因此海南稻田土壤有效Se测定宜选0.1mol/LKH2PO4。     

有机化合物和硝酸溶液对复合污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb释放的影响

研究了等浓度的不同有机酸、有机盐、人工螯合剂和不同浓度HNO3 溶液对复合污染土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb的浸提性及其潜在释放性。结果表明 :四种有机酸对铜的释放顺序为 :柠檬酸 >草酸 >酒石酸 >苹果酸 ,对锌的释放顺序为 :柠檬酸 >苹果酸 >草酸 >酒石酸 ,对铅的释放顺序为 :柠檬酸 >酒石酸 >苹果酸 >草酸 ;有机盐对这些金属的释放顺序较为一致 :EDTA >柠檬酸钠 >草酸钠 >酒石酸钾钠 (铅为酒石酸钾钠 >草酸钠 )。对这三种金属来说 ,铜是最易释放的元素 ,锌次之 ,铅最差。从释放特征来看 ,各种有机化合物对不同的金属表现不尽相同 ,人工螯合剂EDTA、柠檬酸钠、有机酸对铜 ,EDTA、酒石酸钾钠对铅 ,1molL-1HNO3 和0 .1molL-1HNO3 对铜、锌、铅等的释放速率较快 ;草酸钠对铜、锌 ,草酸对铅 ,0 .0 1molL-1HNO3 对铜、锌、铅等的释放速率较慢 ,其它释放剂的释放速率介于两者之间     

Bioavailability,fractionation of pb and Zn in the rhizosphere of sunflower in chelators-amended contaminated soil

Assisted phytoremediation procedures have been widely employed as soil removal instrument of heavy metals from contaminated soils. Rhizosphere processes have a major impact on pb and Zn availability and its fractions in soils. The present study evaluates the effects of EDTA, citric acid (CA) and poultry manure extract (PME) on bioavailability and fractionation of pb, Zn in both the rhizosphere of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and bulk soil. EDTA and CA were added to soils at the rates of 0, 0.5 and 1 mmol kg^?1 soil and PME at 0, 0.5 and 1 g kg^?1 soil as factorial in a completely randomized pattern with three replicates in greenhouse condition. Results showed that chelator application had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on pb, Zn extraction by different extractants and its fractions in soils. The order of concentrations of pb, Zn present in different fractions in soil treated by chelators was: oxides-bounded fraction > residual fraction > OM-bounded fraction > carbonate-bounded fraction > exchangeable fraction. Biochemical soil characteristics in the sunflower rhizosphere change resulting from its roots contributing to pb, Zn decline in mobile soil fractions, and change in soil pb, Zn fractions that are generally regarded as more stable.     

低分子量有机酸强化烟草修复镉污染土壤的适用性研究

采用盆栽试验,以0.125mmol/kg EDTA为对照,研究3种低分子量有机酸(酒石酸、柠檬酸和草酸)在强化烟草修复镉污染土壤中应用的可行性。3种低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)均可显著降低土壤pH,提高镉的有效含量,酒石酸和草酸对镉在烟草中转运有抑制作用,柠檬酸在酸性土壤中促进镉在烟草中转运,在中性土壤中则起抑制作用。31.25mmol/kg LMWOA对烟草地上部的生长有一定的促进作用,该浓度的柠檬酸和草酸使酸性土壤中烟草地上部镉累积量分别提高42.95%和28.67%,柠檬酸还使中性土壤中烟草地上部镉的累积量提高40.91%,所有酒石酸处理镉在烟草地上部的累积量均降低,EDTA使酸性土壤中烟草地上部镉的累积量提高24.56%,对中性土壤中烟草地上部镉累积量的影响不显著。表明柠檬酸和草酸具有强化烟草地上部对镉的吸收、提高烟草提取土壤镉效率的作用,但要获得与EDTA相当的效果,需大大提高其用量,这必然导致修复成本大大提高,故不宜用于强化烟草修复镉污染土壤。     

低分子有机酸去除土壤中重金属条件的研究

采用化学萃取实验,以湖南郴州柿竹园和湖南衡阳水口山矿区的重金属污染农田土壤为研究对象,采用柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸作为低分子有机酸萃取剂,在一定的条件下对污染土壤中重金属进行萃取实验,确定各个单因素的适宜条件。结果表明,对于湖南郴州和衡阳两个污染地区土壤运用化学萃取技术萃取重金属来进行土壤修复是实际可行的;柠檬酸、酒石酸、草酸对各种土壤中的重金属都表现出了良好的萃取能力,是高效的土壤重金属萃取剂;单因素的适宜萃取条件为100mmol·L^-1有机酸溶液,固液比1∶5,恒定温度35℃,pH为3,反应时间24h,且萃取率随着电解质浓度的增大而提高;土壤中重金属存在形态与萃取效果有一定的相关性,稳定态（残渣态、硫化物和有机结合态、铁-锰氧化物结合态）金属含量高,表现为较低的萃取率;反之,萃取率高;柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸3种萃取剂均能有效地降低衡阳污染土壤中的重金属浓度,3种萃取剂的萃取效率依次为酒石酸〉草酸〉柠檬酸。     

EDTA Extraction of Heavy Metals from Different Soil Fractions and Synthetic Soils

A laboratory-prepared contaminated soil was partitioned into four fractions, namely carbonate, Fe/Mn oxides, organic matter and clay mineral, according to the form in which the heavy metal bound with soil constituents. Individual contaminated soil fractions and synthetic soils were prepared for the study of soil extraction using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The effect of contact time and EDTA concentration were evaluated for both individual soil fractions and synthetic soils. The extraction reached equilibrium rapidly, after about 30 min. A 0.01 M EDTA solution was less effective than a 0.05 M or a 0.10 M EDTA. EDTA was proved to be effective for metal removal from the four individual soil fractions and synthetic soils. In general, approximately 90% of metals were removed from synthetic soils by 0.10 M EDTA. EDTA extraction of Pb from a contaminated carbonate fraction was thought to be affected by the formation of lead carbonates. A simple equation based on the sum of the released heavy metal from the individual components is used to check if there are interactions among the different soil components when mixed. The estimated values agreed well with the experimentally measured results only for the 0.10 M EDTA system.     

Mixed chelators of EDTA,GLDA, and citric acid as washing agent effectively remove Cd,Zn, Pb,and Cu from soils

Purpose

Soil washing with chelators is a viable treatment alternative for remediating multi-contaminated soils. The aim of this study was to investigate the removal efficiencies of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in alkaline and acid multi-metal-contaminated soils by washing with the mixed chelators (MC).

Materials and methods

The batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the removal efficiencies of heavy metals in contaminated soils by the MC with different molar ratios of EDTA, GLDA, and citric acid, and evaluated the washing factors, including contact time, pH, MC concentration, and single and multiple washings at the same MC dose, on the removal efficiencies.

Results and discussion

Results showed that the removal efficiencies for Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu by the MC (the molar ratio of EDTA, GLDA, and citric acid was 1:1:3) were as much as those of the only EDTA washing from both soil at the same application dose of total chelators; moreover, the application dose of EDTA decreased by 80%. For the alkaline-contaminated soil, the removal efficiencies of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu decreased with the increasing of the solution pH, which was opposite to acid-contaminated soil. This was attributed to that the metal-ligand complex could be obviously re-adsorbed on the soil surface sites, particularly in low pH values. The removal efficiencies of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu depended on MC concentration. A higher MC concentration led to a more effective removal of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu in alkaline-contaminated soil; however, their changes were slightly increased in acid-contaminated soil. At the same dose of MC, single washing with higher MC concentration might be favorable to remove heavy metals, moreover, with much less wastewater generation.

Conclusions

The MC (the molar ratio of EDTA, GLDA, and citric acid was 1:1:3) may be a useful, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective chelators to remediate heavily multi-metal-contaminated soil.

     

添加螯合剂诱导－栽培红叶菾菜（Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.）修复铅和镉污染土壤效果的研究

以雄安新区安新县重金属污染农田土壤为供试土壤,以Cd超积累植物红叶菾菜（Beta vulgaris var. cicla L.）为供试植物,设置不同浓度EDTA和柠檬酸（0,2.5,5,7.5,10 mmol kg?1）处理进行盆栽试验,探究螯合诱导－红叶菾菜修复Cd、Pb污染土壤的可行性。结果表明:（1）与对照相比,添加EDTA螯合剂使红叶菾菜生长及生物量均受到抑制,一定浓度柠檬酸处理能显著促进植物生长,5 mmol kg?1柠檬酸处理对植物株高、茎粗及生物量与对照相比的上升比例分别为4.52%、44.07%和50%;（2）添加EDTA螯合剂后土壤中Cd、Pb有效态含量相比对照分别提高了108.61% ~ 235.39%、67.98% ~ 224.16%,柠檬酸处理后土壤Cd、Pb有效态含量最大提高了180.07%、186.01%,EDTA对土壤重金属的活化效率显著高于柠檬酸;（3）通过对红叶菾菜地上部Cd、Pb含量及富集系数比较发现,EDTA更能促进红叶菾菜对Pb的吸收,柠檬酸更能促进红叶菾菜对Cd的吸收;（4）螯合剂处理后土壤中铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量显著增加。就本文试验条件、供试材料而言,螯合诱导－红叶菾菜修复铅镉复合污染土壤是可行的。     

Evaluation of Selected Extractants for Plant-Available Silicon in Rice Soils of Southern India

The extractable silicon (Si) using selected extractants irrespective of the soils used for the study was in the order of 0.005 M sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) > 0.1 M citric acid > N sodium acetate (NaOAc) 2 > N NaOAc 1 > 0.5 M acetic acid 3 > 0.5 M acetic acid 2 > 0.5 M acetic acid 1> 0.01 M calcium chloride (CaCl₂) > 0.5 M ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) > distilled water 4 > distilled water 1. Silicon extraction with N NaOAc 1 appeared to be the most suitable for evaluating Si, followed by extraction with 0.5 M acetic acid 2 and N NaOAc 2. These extractants showed the greatest degree of significant correlation with the percentage of Si in straw and grain, as well as Si uptake by straw and grain. These methods also rapidly extract soil Si in comparison to the other methods and appear to be the most suitable for routine soil testing for plant-available Si in the rice soils of southern India.     

Effects of Chelating Compounds on Mobilization and Phytoextraction of Copper and Lead in Contaminated Soils

Six chelating compounds: ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), ethylenediamine-N, N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS), tartaric acid, citric acid, glycine and histidine, were tested as potential agents to mobilize copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) from two soils polluted with the emissions from copper smelters. Copper was mobilized with the following efficiency: EDTA > citric and tartaric acids > histidine > EDDS and glycine, while Pb extractability followed the order: EDTA > EDDS >> tartaric and citric acid >> glycine and histidine. With respect to these results, EDTA and EDDS were chosen for a pot experiment on chelate-induced phytoextraction of Cu and Pb by maize (Zea mays). Chelates were applied at the rates of 0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol kg^?1, and this experiment was carried out at two different watering regimes. Both EDTA and EDDS caused significant increase of Cu uptake from soils, but its concentrations in biomass were far below those required for efficient soil remediation. Lead uptake was only slightly affected by chelate application. Losses of Cu from soil by leaching were much higher than those caused by plant uptake.