9种常用杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的毒力及毒力选择性研究

为使化学防治和保护利用捕食螨的生物防治措施相协调, 实现以螨治螨, 采用叶片残毒法分别测定了甘肃省保护地常用的9种杀螨剂对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨的LC50, 计算出各药剂的益害生物毒性选择指数(TSR)。供试药剂的毒性选择指数大小依次为：毒死蜱＞螺螨酯＞哒螨灵＞炔螨特＞唑螨酯＞阿维菌素＞三唑锡＞甲氰菊酯＞噻螨酮。其中, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯的毒性选择指数分别为10.864 1和9.361 3, 对巴氏新小绥螨和二斑叶螨均有较高的正向选择性, 毒死蜱和螺螨酯可优先用于生产中害虫(螨)的防治, 同时最大限度地保护了捕食螨, 实现对害虫(螨)化学防治和生物防治的相互协调。     

加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的捕食作用

为明确加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus （McGregor）对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani （Ugarov et Nikolski）的捕食潜力,采用捕食功能反应方法,研究了加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨各螨态的捕食作用。加州新小绥螨对雌成螨、若螨、卵的选择性捕食系数分别为0.44、1.25和1.35。在不同温度条件下,加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型;28 ℃时捕食能力最强,对土耳其斯坦叶螨雌成螨、若螨和卵的攻击系数分别是0.6279、0.7203和0.7554,最大日捕食量分别为10.81头、28.49头和 40.82粒。在相同温度下,加州新小绥螨雌成螨寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低;在相同密度下,寻找效应随温度的升高先增加后减小,在28 ℃时寻找效应最高,为0.535。加州新小绥螨的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰作用（m=0.520）,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低。研究表明加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨具有很好的控制潜力。     

Efficacy of five selected acaricides against Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and their side effects on relevant natural enemies occurring in citrus orchards

BACKGROUND: Three groups of natural enemies are fundamental in citrus IPM in Spain: coccinellid and phytoseiid predators and hymenopteran parasitoids. Tetranychus urticae Koch is an important pest affecting citrus, for which biological control has not yet been achieved; therefore, acaricides are commonly used to control it. The goal of this study was to measure the efficacy of different acaricides on this mite and their side effects on three natural enemies relevant for citrus (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Neoseiulus californicus McGregor and Aphidius colemani Viereck).RESULTS: Some products proved highly effective against T. urticae and harmless to A. colemani (mineral oil, tebufenpyrad, clofentezine and fenazaquin). However, almost all products tested were slightly harmful for both the predators considered. Fenazaquin was even moderately harmful for N. californicus. CONCLUSION: Further studies, like that presented here, are necessary to gain a better understanding of integrating biological and chemical controls. When considering both efficacy and side effects on beneficial arthropods, the best options would seem to be mineral oil, tebufenpyrad and clofentezine. However, it is urgent to complete testing of the side effects of the acaricides used in citrus. This question is crucial if the fact that two recently introduced Tetranychidae are being controlled in citrus by chemical means exclusively is considered.     

应用实验种群生命表评价巴氏新小绥螨对西花蓟马的控制能力

以西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)(Thysanoptera,Thripidae)一龄若虫为猎物组建巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri(Hughes)(Acari:Phytoseiidae)实验种群生命表,获得净生殖力Ro=27.37,世代平均历期T=22.17天,内禀增长率rm=0.15,周限增长率λ=1.16,种群倍增所需时间t=4.64天等参数。将获得参数值与西花蓟马的相关参数值进行比较,巴氏新小绥螨瞬间增长率大于西花蓟马的瞬间增长率(0.14),雌成螨日取食7～12头西花蓟马一龄若虫,表明巴氏新小绥螨可以作为控制西花蓟马种群数量的有效天敌。     

巴氏新小绥螨在马铃薯腐烂茎线虫上的实验种群生命表及其捕食作用

为明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫Ditylenchus destructor的捕食能力,以马铃薯腐烂茎线虫和椭圆食粉螨Aleuroglyphus ovatus为猎物饲养巴氏新小绥螨,构建了巴氏新小绥螨的实验种群生命表,并构建了雌成螨对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的捕食功能反应模型。结果显示,巴氏新小绥螨取食马铃薯腐烂茎线虫后能完成整个生活史,平均世代为6.71 d,产卵前期、产卵期、日产卵量以及雌成螨寿命分别为2.89 d、19.13 d、1.79粒和26.44 d,与取食椭圆食粉螨后的各参数间均无显著差异。巴氏新小绥螨雌成螨对马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的捕食功能反应为Holling Ⅱ型,在温度16~28℃范围内,其攻击系数(a)、捕食能力(a/T_h)、最大日捕食量(1/T_h)均随温度升高而升高,处理时间(T_h)缩短;在28℃时日捕食量达到最高,为52.69条,处理时间最短,为0.019 d;当温度高于32℃时捕食量开始下降。表明巴氏新小绥螨具有防治马铃薯腐烂茎线虫的潜力。     

A new tray-type arena to mass rear Neoseiulus baraki, a predatory mite of coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis in the laboratory

Neoseiulus baraki Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is an important predatory mite of the coconut mite, Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophyidae) and attempts are now being made to evaluate the effectiveness of augmenting N. baraki to control coconut mite in the field. These studies require a steady supply of N. baraki in large numbers. One major constraint of the existing method to mass rear N. baraki on Tyrophagus putrescentiae Shrank (Acari: Acaridae) in a closed arena without a water barrier was frequent contamination of cultures by other mites. This paper describes the development of an efficient method to mass rear N. baraki in the laboratory with less monitoring and relatively minimal contaminants. Three box-type arenas and a tray-type arena were tested to mass rear T. putrescentiae. Mites were successfully developed on two box-type arenas and the tray-type arena, but the production (2197 mites per tray in 4 weeks) of T. putrescentiae was significantly higher on the tray-type arena. A 110-fold increase of T. putrescentiae was achieved in tray-type arenas in 4 weeks. None of the box-type arenas could be maintained more than 5 weeks without acarine and fungal contaminations. N. baraki could be successfully reared on the tray-type arena at least for 6 weeks. More than 4800 mites per tray, a 240-fold increase was achieved in 5 weeks when T. putrescentiae was added at 3-week intervals. Advantages and disadvantages of the new method are described.     

Comparative life history characteristics of the mite predator Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on mite and pollen diets

The food diversification strategy that can offer suitable nutrients as a diet for the natural enemies may possibly help to decrease pest populations by boosting the efficiency of predators. Therefore, my objective was to evaluate the effects of plant and animal diets on biological parameters of the phytoseiid mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans). This predator that is a natural enemy of mites was reared on plant pollens (maize (Zea mays L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), and rose (Rosa multiflora Thunb.), offered alone, and in combination with the prey mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank). Results showed that N. cucumeris fed, developed and reproduced better when it was provided with plant and animal diets together, compared to pollens offered alone. The predator showed the most efficient capability for completion of life parameters (development, survival, fecundity, oviposition, longevity and instantaneous rate of increase) with maize and mungbean ingested pollens in combination with T. putrescentiae. The least competency was observed on cucumber and rose pollens used separately. The lowest developmental time of the predator from neonate larva to adult emergence, the highest immature survivorship, higher fecundity, long oviposition period, and the highest adult female's life span were observed when offered maize pollens along with T. putrescentiae compared to other treatments. Accordingly, the instantaneous rate of population increase (r_i) day^?1 was surpassed by N. cucumeris for the combination of pollen and T. putrescentiae diets than pollens utilized alone. It is determined that N. cucumeris can reproduce and develop more successfully on a food complex consisting of pollen and animal diets than any single diet. These findings reveal that pollen can be used by N. cucumeris as a suitable alternative food in periods when prey in the field is sparse or absent. Moreover, such propensity of predators to feed on food from plant origin increases their survival during periods when prey is locally scarce, but natural enemies might occur at the expense of an ability to utilize food as efficiently as specialized predators to boost the management strategies of pest species in field's ecosystem.     

巴氏新小绥螨对水稻干尖线虫控制能力的评估

本文研究了巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri以水稻干尖线虫Aphelenchoides besseyi为食的生长发育特征及其对水稻干尖线虫的捕食功能。结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨以水稻干尖线虫为食时,能正常发育并完成生活史,其生长发育各个历期与取食腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae相比无显著差异,但净增殖率（R₀=31.4605）、内禀增长率（r_m=0.2313/d）和周限增长率（λ=1.2603）均分别高于取食腐食酪螨（R₀=26.8800;r_m=0.1973/d;λ=1.2181）,而种群倍增时间（Dt=2.9962 d）低于取食腐食酪螨（Dt=3.5126 d）。因此,巴氏新小绥螨取食水稻干尖线虫比取食腐食酪螨更有利于其各项生命活动。巴氏新小绥螨对水稻干尖线虫的捕食功能用Holling II型圆盘方程拟合得到的公式为N_a=0.5645N₀/（1＋0.002484N₀）,巴氏新小绥螨对水稻干尖线虫的捕食能力a/T_h为128.30,最大理论捕食量为227.27条/d。巴氏新小绥螨捕食水稻干尖线虫的最佳温度为25 ℃,在该温度条件下,饥饿4 d的雌螨对线虫的捕食量最大。研究结果证实了巴氏新小绥螨具有较强捕食水稻干尖线虫的能力,可以作为水稻干尖线虫潜在的天敌捕食螨。     

巴氏新小绥螨溴氰菊酯抗药性品系对常见药剂的交互抗性及其种群参数分析

为了明确巴氏新小绥螨Neoseiulus barkeri溴氰菊酯抗性品系对常用杀虫(螨)剂的交互抗性水平及生物适合度,为巴氏新小绥螨抗药性品系田间应用提供科学依据。本文应用玻片浸渍法测定了巴氏新小绥螨溴氰菊酯抗性品系对12种杀虫(螨)剂的交互抗性,采用种群生命表评价了其生长发育及繁殖情况。结果显示,相对于巴氏新小绥螨敏感品系,溴氰菊酯抗性品系(226.38倍)对供试的其他6种拟除虫菊酯类药剂均存在交互抗性,尤其对氯氟氰菊酯的交互抗性倍数最高,达到2 210.91倍。对噻虫嗪、毒死蜱和乙螨唑的交互抗性分别是116.46、110.71倍和20.43倍,对丁硫克百威、阿维菌素和哒螨灵无交互抗性。对其生物适合度研究发现,溴氰菊酯抗性品系相较于敏感品系,前若螨期和产卵前期显著缩短,产卵期和单雌总产卵量显著增加。上述结果表明,巴氏新小绥螨溴氰菊酯抗性品系对10种常用杀虫(螨)药剂产生了不同水平的交互抗性,且其繁殖率显著增加,推荐在田间推广应用。     

栗真绥螨和黄瓜新小绥螨对西方花蓟马初孵若虫功能反应的比较

于人工气候箱（23±1℃、RH70%±5%、光照（D∶L=16h∶8h）条件下,在菜豆叶片制作的叶碟上,比较了栗真绥螨与黄瓜新小绥螨对西方花蓟马初孵若虫的功能反应。结果表明：黄瓜新小绥螨和栗真绥螨对西方花蓟马初孵若虫的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型模型,分别为Na=0.763×Nt/（1＋0.152Nt）和Na=0.257×Nt/（1＋0.032Nt）,对西方花蓟马初孵若虫的攻击率分别为0.763和0.257,处理时间分别为0.199d和0.125d,日最大捕食量分别为5.0头和8.0头。