抚育间伐对小兴安岭天然针阔混交林碳储量的影响

在小兴安岭地区带岭林业实验局东方红林场天然林试验区,设置6块样地,对天然针阔混交次生林进行不同强度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)的抚育间伐;采用平均标准木法取样、实验室重铬酸钾法测定林木碳质量分数,分析不同间伐强度对乔木层地上部分生物量及碳储量的影响。结果表明:随着间伐强度的增加,乔木层地上部分生物量、碳储量整体呈先增加再减小趋势,但间伐8 a内各间伐生物量、碳储量均显著少于对照。伐后1~4 a,间伐强度20%,乔木层碳储量增长率、增长量均高于对照;间伐后1~4 a内,间伐强度20%,乔木层碳储量的恢复能力最强。间伐后5~8 a,高度间伐(间伐强度30%、35%)碳储量恢复能力最弱;间伐8 a后,各间伐强度(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%)的碳储量,分别为74.93±3.42、86.96±7.31、99.24±2.43、93.64±6.68、85.23±2.11、79.54±3.38 t/hm2,林木各器官碳储量差异显著,从大到小依次为树干、树枝、树叶;间伐8 a后,各间伐树干碳储量所占比例比对照所占比例增加-0.04%~12.27%,在间伐强度为20%时树干碳储量比例最高,说明间伐强度20%有利于小兴安岭天然针阔混交林树干碳储量的累积及单株林木质量的提高。总体看,短期间伐(4 a内)利于20%间伐乔木层碳储量的迅速积累,8 a内各间伐仍处于乔木层地上部分碳储量低于对照的恢复期。     

杭州临安4种绿地内PM2.5中有机碳和元素碳的浓度变化及来源分析

总结城市绿地内PM_2.5中有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）质量浓度的时空变化规律,探究影响OC和EC质量浓度变化的因素,为改善人居环境质量提供依据。选取4种绿地（居住绿地、商业绿地、广场绿地和公共绿地）为研究对象,采用智能中流量TSP采样器采集绿地空气中的PM_2.5,通过热光反射法（TOR）检测样品上OC和EC的质量浓度,分析其来源。结果表明,4种绿地内OC和EC质量浓度季节变化一致,均为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;春、夏、秋3个季节OC和EC质量浓度日变化均呈“一日双峰”型,8:00-12:00和16:00-20:00为早、晚高峰,12:00-16:00和20:00-次日8:00出现低谷值。二次有机碳（SOC）质量浓度为春季（2.84±0.27 μg·m^-3）、夏季（2.82±0.32 μg·m^-3）、秋季（2.99±0.34 μg·m^-3）和冬季（3.15±0.25 μg·m^-3）,分别占OC质量浓度的29.50%、11.96%、25.47%和32.12%,表明二次污染在各季节均存在。冬季机动车尾气和燃煤排放是PM_2.5中OC和EC的主要来源。     

疏穗对‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒类黄酮物质含量的影响

为探讨疏穗对葡萄酒类黄酮物质含量的影响,以‘赤霞珠’为试验材料,在果实豌豆粒大小时期进行疏穗处理,葡萄藤负载量分别为22（CK）、16穗·株^-1（C1）和10穗·株^-1（C2）。采收成熟葡萄果实酿造干红葡萄酒,应用高效液相色谱-质谱联用（HPLC-MS）分析酒样中类黄酮物质的种类及含量。结果表明,疏穗提高了葡萄酒中单体花色苷和黄烷醇的含量,降低了黄酮醇的含量。主成分分析可以看出3种疏穗处理下‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒品质具有差异性。表明在山西乡宁地区,适度疏穗可以提高‘赤霞珠’葡萄酒中类黄酮物质的含量。其中葡萄藤负载量为10穗·株^-1时,葡萄酒中类黄酮含量最高。     

高师历史专业学生职业技能训练的实践探索

新一轮基础教育课程改革,对教师职业素质与能力提出了新的要求.改革与探索高等师范院校历史专业对学生进行教师职业技能训练的方法,构建有效的教学技能训练模式,提高毕业生从业能力,是历史教育学课程教学与研究的一项重要任务.为了完成这一任务,必须努力做好历史教师职业技能训练的设计工作,重视训练过程,并了解职业技能训练的作用、意义.     

T lymphocyte responses during early enteric Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in cattle

Johne's disease (JD) is a costly intestinal disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map), which is transmitted to perinatal calves by the fecal-oral route. Disease control efforts focus on identification and culling of infected cattle from herds; therefore failure to identify animals early is a major obstacle to reducing transmission. Development of host immunity during early JD remain incompletely characterized so detecting subclinical JD using immunologic techniques is a substantial challenge in the field. Development of a test with high sensitivity and specificity is a major research goal with significant implications for the cattle industry. The objectives of this study were to compare early Map-specific T lymphocyte responses in naive, experimentally Map infected and Map vaccinated calves using a subcutaneous matrigel biopolymer-based assay. We examined the phenotype of recruited lymphocytes and local interferon gamma (IFNγ) production within subcutaneously placed matrigel containing Map antigen 30 days after experimentally induced intestinal Map infection or Map vaccination. We show that IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T cells are recruited to matrigel sites in vaccinated but not infected or naïve calves. γδ T cells recruited to matrigel sites of Map-infected calves were mostly WC1-, while γδ T cells recruited to matrigel sites of Map-vaccinated calves were predominantly WC1+. IFNγ at matrigel sites was a discriminating factor between infected calves, naïve calves and vaccinated calves. These data contribute to our understanding of early anti-Map immunity, and may be useful for detecting early intestinal Map infections in calves or for enhancing our ability to discriminate between Map-infected and Map-vaccinated calves.     

江苏如东沿海发现黑嘴鸥新繁殖地

2013年5月22日,南通博物苑鸟类调查组在南黄海边的如东洋口发现一处黑嘴鸥（Larzus saundersi）繁殖地。该繁殖地位于如东大、小洋口之间新围垦的海堤内侧（E121°06’,N32°28’）,面积约10000m2。黑嘴鸥营巢于碱蓬（Suaeda gauca）地上,与普通燕鸥（Sternahirundo）、白额燕鸥（Sternaalbifrons）、红脚鹬（Tringatotanus）、环颈鹆（Charadriusalexandrinus）等混群营巢。采用直接计数法统计繁殖区内所见黑嘴鸥的数量在500只以上。应迅速建立保护区以切实保护好这一濒危鸟类及其新繁殖地。     

Estimating harvest costs and projecting quantities of logging residues for small-scale forestry in Nasushiobara,Tochigi Prefecture,Japan

We used GIS on a regional scale to estimate and compare supply potentials and costs of small-scale logging systems, a mini-forwarder and a 4-ton truck operated by private logging contractors, and manual logging and a light truck operated by individual forest own- ers, with the mechanized operational system of the Forest Owners＇ Asso- ciation. Total potential yields of timber and logging residues were esti- mated as 418,895 m3 and 254,962 m3, respectively. The economic bal- ances were estimated and available amounts were projected as supply potentials from profitable sub-compartments. As a result, available amounts of timber and logging residues were estimated at 375,466 m3 （89.9%） and 203,850 m3 （80.0%）, respectively. Because their transport expenses were lower than for other systems the most profitable sub-compartments were operated by private logging contractors who sold logging residues at a plant. The profitable sub-compartments operated by individual forest owners were few because the extracting distances were usually greater than 20 m. Raising logging residue prices from 3,000 yen·m-3 to 4,080 yen·m-3 or 6,800 yen·m-3, and establishing forest roads, which reduced some extracting distances to less than 20 m, increased the number and area of profitable sub＊compartments, and increased available amounts of logging residues.     

西林水牛群体的RAPD遗传多样性分析

【目的】了解西林水牛群体的遗传变异和遗传结构,为其辅助标记育种、遗传资源保护及利用提供参考依据。【方法】从广西西林县的8个乡（镇）采集184份西林水牛血样,采用优化后的RAPD技术检测其多态性DNA,统计多态性条带数,并应用Popgene32软件对西林水牛群体的有效等位基因数、Nei氏基因多样性指数及Shannon多样性指数进行分析。【结果】从18条RAPD引物中筛选出8条扩增产物稳定、条带清晰可辨的引物,扩增出的DNA片段分子量为100-1000 bp;从184个样本中共扩增出4968个多态性条带,平均每条引物可扩增出621个多态性条带,多态性频率达60.0%-100.0%,平均为89.7%。西林水牛群体的平均有效等位基因数为1.6745,平均Nei氏基因多样度指数为0.3583,平均Shannon多样性指数为0.5510。【结论】西林水牛群体的遗传变异、遗传分化及遗传多样性均较高,但选育程度较低,育种潜力较大,有待进一步保种和开发利用。     

基质配方和容器对红叶樱花容器苗生长的影响

为促进新优园林观赏植物容器苗的培育和应用,以红叶樱花为试验材料,研究基质配方和容器类型对容器苗生长的影响.结果表明:基质配方对容器苗的生长有一定的影响.其中A2基质(泥炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=5∶3∶2)容重最小,饱和含水量最大,分别为0.283 0 g/cm2和47.243％;植株在此基质中生长表现最佳,其地径、根冠比和根系活力均最大,分别达到4.488 mm、5.502 4和71.343 3μg/(g·h).容器类型对容器苗根系发育的影响较为明显.控根容器最佳,其中植株根冠比最大,达到5.603 3;根系活力为67.379 3 μg/(g·h),约为塑料营养钵和无纺布袋的1.3倍,并且根系结构合理,须根数量极多;其次为无纺布袋容器.综合考虑,红叶樱花容器苗的最佳培育基质配方为泥炭∶珍珠岩∶蛭石=5∶3∶2,培育容器为控根容器.     

海南坡鹿一般临床性检查及防治对策

掌握海南坡鹿一般临床性检查,是开展疾病防治诊断的重要前提工作,只有掌握了临床检查,才能准确的了解坡鹿的健康状况。根据多年的实践经验与观察,该文阐述了海南坡鹿一般临床性检查:体温的检查;呼吸频率的检查;采食与反刍的检查;胃肠道的检查;心搏频率的检查;排粪及粪便检查;排尿及尿液的检查。不同年龄、性别的坡鹿个体各种指标的检查结果有所差异;坡鹿在静止或者是运动状态下各种指标的检查结果也不相同。文章提出了相应的临床性检查与保护建议。