超声波辅助提取苹果籽中植物甾醇的工艺研究

[目的]探讨超声波辅助提取苹果籽中植物甾醇的最佳工艺条件。[方法]以甾醇提取率为指标,以乙酸乙酯为提取剂,采用超声波辅助提取法从苹果籽中提取植物甾醇。通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了超声波提取温度、提取时间、料液比、超声波功率对苹果籽植物甾醇提取率的影响,并确定提取植物甾醇的最佳工艺参数。[结果]正交试验表明,试验4因素对苹果籽植物甾醇提取率的影响依次为：超声波温度〉料液比〉提取时间〉超声波功率。植物甾醇提取的最佳工艺参数为∶液料比为14∶1 ml/g,超声波提取温度50℃,提取时间40 min,超声波功率700 W。在此条件下,苹果籽中植物甾醇的提取率最高,可达2.182 mg/g。[结论]该研究为苹果籽的开发利用和植物甾醇的应用提供参考依据。     

热带农业废弃物资源利用现状与分析——菠萝废弃物综合利用

阐述了菠萝叶和菠萝加工废弃物的综合利用现状.广东、海南、广西等地区的菠萝叶主要用于粉碎还田,部分提取菠萝叶纤维,还可发酵制沼气、青贮饲料和生物有机肥等,云南、福建等地的菠萝叶则基本上直接废弃;菠萝果实加工后剩余的菠萝皮、渣蕴含丰富的营养成分,可用于生产菠萝果酒、白兰地、果醋、乳酸饮料等,也可用于发酵生产沼气、乙醇和饲料以及提取特殊物质.对我国菠萝废弃物综合利用过程中存在的主要问题进行了分析探讨,并提出相应的发展对策.     

苹果园土壤中一株根皮苷降解菌的筛选

为筛选能够有效降解苹果主要自毒物质——根皮苷的降解菌,采用分光光度法选取对根皮苷具有较高降解效果的菌株,并进行盆栽试验以验证其实际生产效果。结果表明,筛选到的菌株6-3属于粘质沙雷菌属,能够有效降解根皮苷,且对平邑甜茶的根系及地上部无明显负面作用,对其生长发育有一定的促进作用。     

M系苹果矮化砧木与砧穗组合研究

对江苏省丰县的M系苹果矮化中间砧(基砧为八棱海棠)M26、MM106、M9,以及矮化自根砧MM106、M7富士苹果园进行了调查,从树体的生长发育、枝类的组成、果实的产量和品质等方面进行了综合评价,除M9中间砧外,其余矮砧嫁接的富士苹果树均是比较适宜的优良砧穗组合.此外,还指出了江苏丰县苹果矮砧密植存在的主要问题,并提出...     

苹果砧木组织培养与快繁技术研究

通过对不同苹果砧木M9、M26、八棱海棠、平邑甜茶的离体培养研究,探讨不同砧木的初代、继代培养、生根以及移栽技术.结果表明,①以4种砧木的离体新梢进行初代培养,最佳培养基均为MS+ 6-BA1.0mg·L1+NAA 0.1mg· L-1.②M9与M26的最佳增殖培养基MS+ 6-BA 1.0 mg· L-1+IBA 0...     

苹果猕猴桃混合型果醋酿造工艺

以苹果、猕猴桃为原料,对苹果猕猴桃混合果醋的酿造工艺进行研究.获得原料配比、酒精发酵和醋酸发酵的最佳工艺参数.原料配比为m(苹果汁)∶m(猕猴桃汁)=2∶1.酒精发酵的最佳参数为酵母菌接种量0.25%、发酵温度28 ℃、发酵时间7 d.醋酸发酵的最佳参数为酒精体积分数6%、醋酸菌接种量7%、发酵时间10 d.按以上工艺参数所得产品每100 mL总酸含量≥5.50 g,色泽鲜亮呈浅黄色,具有苹果果香,酸味柔和.     

Sponges and Their Symbionts as a Source of Valuable Compounds in Cosmeceutical Field

In the last decades, the marine environment was discovered as a huge reservoir of novel bioactive compounds, useful for medicinal treatments improving human health and well-being. Among several marine organisms exhibiting biotechnological potential, sponges were highlighted as one of the most interesting phyla according to a wide literature describing new molecules every year. Not surprisingly, the first marine drugs approved for medical purposes were isolated from a marine sponge and are now used as anti-cancer and anti-viral agents. In most cases, experimental evidence reported that very often associated and/or symbiotic communities produced these bioactive compounds for a mutual benefit. Nowadays, beauty treatments are formulated taking advantage of the beneficial properties exerted by marine novel compounds. In fact, several biological activities suitable for cosmetic treatments were recorded, such as anti-oxidant, anti-aging, skin whitening, and emulsifying activities, among others. Here, we collected and discussed several scientific contributions reporting the cosmeceutical potential of marine sponge symbionts, which were exclusively represented by fungi and bacteria. Bioactive compounds specifically indicated as products of the sponge metabolism were also included. However, the origin of sponge metabolites is dubious, and the role of the associated biota cannot be excluded, considering that the isolation of symbionts represents a hard challenge due to their uncultivable features.     

外源抗氧化剂对高温胁迫下苹果果皮组织酶活性的影响

以红富士苹果为试材,通过施用维生素C(Vc)、苯甲酸钠(SBN)、半胱氨酸(Cys)、维生素E(VE)以及Vc复配剂(Vc 柠檬酸或Vc 6-BA),研究不同种类外源抗氧化剂对高温胁迫下果皮组织5‘-核苷酸酶、脂氧合酶以及抗坏血酸．过氧化物酶活性的影响。结果表明：随着环境胁迫温度的升高,果皮组织中脂氧合酶活性增大,而5’-核苷酸酶和抗坏血酸-过氧化物酶的活性降低,说明在高温胁迫下,果皮组织氧化胁迫作用显著增强。施用外源抗氧化剂后,能够不同程度地提高果实抗氧化能力。在高温胁迫下,果实脂氧合酶活性与对照相比呈下降趋势,而5‘-核苷酸酶活性呈上升趋势,施用Vc和2种复配Vc酶活性极显著提高;同样,抗坏血酸-过氧化酶活性也呈上升趋势。比较几种抗氧化剂对提高果实抗氧化能力的效果,以施用维生素C(尤其是配合施用6-BA或柠檬酸)最为明显。     

相对湿度对高温胁迫下苹果果皮组织细胞膜功能的影响

以红富士苹果为试材,研究了高温胁迫下,不同相对湿度对果皮组织5’-核苷酸酶和脂氧合酶活性以及细胞膜透性的影响。结果表明：高温胁迫下,随着相对湿度的增加,果皮组织细胞膜透性减小,LOX活性降低,而5’-核苷酸酶活性则有不同程度地升高。在48℃高温胁迫下,30％相对湿度与50％以上相对湿度对果皮组织细胞膜功能的影响有显著差异。在容易发生果实日灼的高温天气里,增加果园空气湿度有助于提高果实表皮组织抗氧化能力和细胞膜的稳定性,从而提高果实的抗热性。     

Genetic identity and relationships of Iranian apple (Malus?×?domestica Borkh.) cultivars and landraces, wild Malus species and representative old apple cultivars based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis

In order to shed light on the role of Iran in apple evolution and domestication, we chose to investigate the relationships of a collection of 159 accessions of wild and domesticated apples including Iranian indigenous apple cultivars and landraces, selected wild species, and old apple scion and rootstock cultivars from different parts of the world. The majority of the wild species belonged to M. sieversii, which is widely believed to be the main maternal wild ancestor of domestic apples, from Kazakhstan and M. orientalis, which is one of the probable minor ancestors of domestic apples, from Turkey and Russia located on the east and west of Iran, respectively. The accessions were assigned into six arbitrary populations for the purpose of generating information on genetic parameters. Nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci selected from previous studies in apple were screened over DNA extracted from all the accessions. Results showed that all SSR loci displayed a very high degree of polymorphism with 11–25 alleles per locus. In total, there were 153 alleles across all loci with an average of 17 alleles per locus. The SSR allelic data were then used for estimation of population genetic parameters, including genetic variation statistics, F-statistics, gene flow, genetic identity, genetic distance and then cluster analysis using POPGENE 1.32 software. The F-statistics and gene flow in particular, showed that there was more intra-population than between population variation. The genetic identity and genetic distance estimates, and the dendrogram generated from the un-weighted pair group arithmetic average (UPGMA) method of cluster analysis showed that the Iranian cultivars and landraces were more closely related to M. sieversii from Central Asia (east of Iran) and M. orientalis native to Turkey and Russia than to other accessions of Malus species. Also, the old apple cultivars from different parts of the world have a closer genetic relationship to M. sieversii, M. orientalis and the Iranian apples, than to other wild species. Based on these results, we suggest that the Iranian apples may occupy an intermediate position between the domesticated varieties and wild species. We propose that Iran could be one of the major players in apples’ domestication and transfer from Central Asia to the western countries.