氨基甲酸苯丙酮肟酯类化合物的合成及生物活性

为寻找高活性的新农药化合物,以3-取代氨基-1-芳基丙酮-1-肟与氨基甲酸酯反应,设计并合成了19个氨基甲酸苯丙酮肟酯衍生物,其结构均经核磁共振氢谱和元素分析确证。初步的生物活性测定结果表明,化合物具有一定的生物活性,其中 c11 在浓度为500 mg/L时,对蚜虫Aphis craccivora的致死率达到90%以上; c16和c17 在1 000 mg/L时,对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinabarinus 的致死率达到100%。     

A biochemical mechanism of resistance to pirimicarb in two glasshouse clones of Aphis gossypii

The susceptibility of three clones of Aphis gossypii Glover to 15 insecticides was established by bioassay. A high level of resistance towards pirimicarb was confirmed for a clone from Holland (Dutch R) and a clone from Japan (Jap R), while the susceptible clone (S) was killed by very low doses of the insecticide. However, only limited cross-resistance was shown towards other carbamates and organophosphates, and no marked resistance to the pyrethroids tested. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of both resistant clones hydrolysed acetyl-choline faster than that of susceptible aphids, with greatest enzyme activity shown by the Dutch R clone. Inter-clone differences in these rates were consistent with differences in catalytic centre activities. Inhibition (I₅₀) of AChE by pirimicarb was approximately 900-fold higher for the resistant clones than for the S clone. First-order kinetics revealed that resistance to pirimicarb in Dutch R and Jap R involved a modified AChE which had a reduced (approximately 350-fold) affinity (K_d) for pirimicarb. The marked change in AChE affinity for pirimicarb was not repeated with the other carbamates tested, ethiofencarb and aldicarb. It was considered that the resistant aphids would not require mechanisms in addition to insensitive AChE in order to show the high level of resistance to pirimicarb shown in the bioassay.     

酶抑制法快速检测蔬菜中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

概述了酶抑制法快速检测蔬菜中有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留技术的研究现状、检测原理、应用情况和存在的问题。酶抑制法具有检测时间短、成本低、操作简便等特点,是目前我国农药残留检测的一种有效的初筛方法。     

The influence of post-exposure temperature on the toxicity of insecticides to Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)

The influence of post-treatment temperature on the toxicities of two pyrethroids (lambda-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin), a carbamate (methomyl) and a spinosyn (spinosad) to Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) larvae was evaluated in laboratory assays. From 24 to 35 degrees C, the toxicities of the pyrethroids decreased 9.5- and 13.6-fold while spinosad toxicity decreased 3.8-fold. The toxicity of methomyl did not change significantly. The results demonstrate that the most effective insecticide against a pest may vary with environmental conditions. In situations where comparable products from multiple insecticide classes are available, temperature should be included as a factor in the decision-making process.     

A novel immobilized cholinesterase for on-site screening of organophosphate and carbamate compounds

Acetylcholinesterase was physically adsorbed on polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 to prepare a novel immobilized cholinesterase, which was described for the first time. The immobilized enzyme was tested for its reactivity, enzyme activity stability, the solubility, the influence of pH and buffer, and characteristic reactivity with inhibitors, e.g., organophosphate and carbamate compounds. The result revealed that the immobilized cholinesterase held its original activity in solution, stable enough, easy to dissolve for convenient operation, and this immobilized cholinesterase could be well used for rapid, on-site screening of organophosphate and carbamate compounds, together with a portable pesticide analyzer.     

The Use of a Daphnia magna Bioassay for Rapid Screening of Acute Intoxications with Insecticides in Dogs and Cats

Sudden death due to acute insecticide intoxications occurs frequently in dogs and cats. The absence of characteristic lesions at autopsy often renders post-mortem diagnosis dependent on the analysis of samples taken from the carcase at autopsy. In the present study, a bioassay utilizing Daphnia magna was proposed and tested as a rapid screening method for acute intoxications in dogs and cats. The bioassay was shown to be highly sensitive for detecting carbamate and organophosphate insecticides in the stomach contents. Generally, the mean survival time of the waterfleas in the control group was 5.17 h (SD = 1.24) and in the intoxicated group 1.32 h (SD = 1.49), during a 6 h observation period. If a cut-off is set at 4 h, this Daphnia bioassay gave 5.5% false negative results and 18.2% false positive results, using the results of toxicological analyses as a gold standard.     

分散固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜尧水果中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

建立分散固相萃取-反相高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜和水果中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药（涕灭威,涕灭威砜,涕灭威亚砜,克百威,3-羟基克百威,灭多威,甲萘威,异丙威,速灭威,仲丁威）残留的分析方法。样品经乙腈提取, PSA分散固相萃取净化,液相色谱柱后衍生分离,荧光检测（姿ex＝330 nm,姿em＝465 nm）测定,外标法定量。10种农药在0.005～0.50 mg/L范围内线性关系良好;检出限在0.004～0.008 mg/L;平均加标回收率在75.6%～112.3%,相对标准偏差（RSD）在0.8%～10.2%。该方法具有快速、灵敏、准确、重现性好以及操作简单等特点,适合日常大批量蔬菜和水果样品中10种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的测定。     

我国草地贪夜蛾种群杀虫剂靶标基因突变分析

【背景】 草地贪夜蛾（Spodoptera frugiperda）原产于美洲热带和亚热带地区,是重大迁飞性农业害虫。2016年以来迅速扩散至全球100多个国家,目前已入侵我国27省（自治区、直辖市）,对粮食安全构成极大威胁。化学防治是草地贪夜蛾的重要应急防控措施,经过几年的药剂防治,草地贪夜蛾的抗药性可能会发生变化,进而影响防治策略的有效性。其发生范围持续北扩,而目前2020—2021年国内不同种群及长城防线种群抗药性现状以及年度间变化性研究较少。【目的】 明确我国不同区域种群（包括长城防线）的抗药性现状与差异,为草地贪夜蛾防控的科学用药提供指导。【方法】 采集13省（自治区、直辖市）的草地贪夜蛾田间种群样本,通过对单头样本杀虫剂靶标基因的PCR扩增产物直接测序,分析2020—2021年采自13省（自治区、直辖市）47市（区）草地贪夜蛾种群的362头个体氨基甲酸酯类、拟除虫菊酯类和双酰胺类杀虫剂靶标基因的突变情况。【结果】 草地贪夜蛾部分个体在氨基甲酸酯类药剂靶标乙酰胆碱酯酶（acetylcholine esterase）基因ace-1上存在突变,种群有6种ace-1基因型。ace-1基因检测到A201S和F290V位点突变;其中A201S均为抗性杂合突变,突变频率为8.4%;F290V为14.9%的抗性纯合突变和25.7%的杂合突变,未检测到G227A位点突变。重点防范区F290V位点突变频率高于迁飞过渡区和周年繁殖区,而在A201S位点突变频率均低于两区。长城防线、黄淮海阻截攻坚带、长江流域以及西南华南监测防控带ace-1基因突变频率均较高。A201S和F290V突变频率在2021年均较2020年种群略有下降,但无显著性差异。拟除虫菊酯类药剂靶标电压门控钠通道（voltage-gated sodium channel）基因vgsc和双酰胺类药剂靶标鱼尼丁受体（ryanodine receptor）基因ryr均未检测到靶标基因突变。【结论】 草地贪夜蛾种群氨基甲酸酯类靶标基因已发生较高频率的突变,说明对氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂已产生较高水平的抗药性,在草地贪夜蛾的防控中应尽量减少使用。本研究显示草地贪夜蛾拟除虫菊酯类和双酰胺类杀虫剂靶标基因尚未检测到突变,这两类杀虫剂可与其他作用机制药剂科学轮换用于草地贪夜蛾的防控,鉴于目前已检测到这两类药剂的靶标基因突变个体,以及其国内近缘种甜菜夜蛾对这两类药剂存在较为普遍的杀虫剂靶标基因突变等情况,今后应开展草地贪夜蛾在室内外药剂高选择压力下以及寄主变化对主要防控药剂的靶标基因突变的影响,并加快抗药性快速检测技术和产品研究。     

氨基甲酸酯农药专用助剂农乳—XE的研究

针对氨基甲酸酯农药的结构，设计了一种新型的专用乳化助剂，其制备工艺过程为：混合烷基酚与环氧乙烷发生加成反应生成烷基酚聚乙氧基醚，再与异氰酸甲酯发生加成反应生成一种非离子表面活性剂烷基酚聚乙氧基醚氧基甲酸酯。研究了其制备影响因素，测定了其表面活性性能，并采用该乳化剂配制了３０％叶蝉散和４０％速灭威乳油，效果良好。