长江刀鲚繁殖群体的生长特性

刀鲚(Coilia nasus)是一种具有多种生活史类型的中小型鱼类,溯江洄游中的刀鲚也是目前长江下游最重要的经济鱼类之一。为评估刀鲚渔业生物学特征的变化趋势,分析了2012年5月采自长江靖江段的458尾刀鲚繁殖群体样本。结果显示,刀鲚繁殖群体由1~4龄组成,其中2~3龄个体占85.81%;体长14.2~38.9 cm,平均(25.72±4.08)cm;体重9.2~208.4 g,平均(69.59±33.73)g;体长与体重关系式W=0.0028L3.0866(R2=0.915 3);平均丰满度为0.38±0.08。依据生长方程Lt=40.82[1–e-0.31(t+0.55)]和Wt=262.59[1–e-0.31(t+0.55)]3,求得渐近体长L∞为40.82 cm,渐近体重W∞为262.59 g,体重生长的拐点出现在2.99龄的Wt=77.66 g。与20世纪70年代的研究结果相比,长江刀鲚繁殖群体中补充群体和低龄剩余群体的比例显著增加,低龄化和小型化趋势明显,丰满度下降,资源衰退严重,但生长潜力依然存在。应采取降低对繁殖群体的捕捞强度、保护产卵场等积极措施来保护这一珍贵的渔业资源。     

鹤蕉种质资源抗寒性和农艺性状的鉴定与评价

针对抗寒性、花期和观赏特性等几个农艺性状,对引进的67个鹤蕉品种进行了连续3年的大田圃鉴定与评价,筛选出适合在海南不同区域栽培的8个有应用价值的品种。旨在为鹤蕉的品种改良、栽培和开发利用提供参考。     

引发奶牛乏情的疾病研究进展

奶牛乏情是指产后60～90 d没有发情表现的经产奶牛及14～18个月龄不发情的育成牛,机体不表现出任何明显的发情状态,导致卵泡发育不良,从而影响机体排卵,引起发情周期紊乱、妊娠推迟,这对奶牛业的发展产生重大的影响。本文主要综述奶牛出现乏情状态的繁殖性疾病的研究状况,为进一步研究奶牛产后乏情提供理论依据。     

Seed traits and taxonomic relationships determine the occurrence of mutualisms versus seed predation in a tropical forest rodent and seed dispersal system

Although many studies have been carried out on plant–animal mutualistic assemblages, the roles of functional traits and taxonomy in determining both whether interactions involve mutualisms or predation and the structure of such assemblages are unclear. We used semi‐natural enclosures to quantitatively assess the interaction strengths between seeds of 8 sympatric tree species and 4 rodent species in a tropical forest in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, Southwest China. We found 2 clusters of species in the seed–rodent network represented by 2 genera in the Fagaceae (Castanopsis, Lithocarpus). Compared to seeds of 3 Castanopsis species, seeds with heavy weight, hard coat or caloric content (including 3 Lithocarpus species) were eaten less and more frequently hoarded by rodents. In turn, hoarded seeds showed less predation and more mutualism with rodents. Our results suggest that seed traits significantly affected the hoarding behavior of rodents, and, consequently, the occurrence of mutualisms and predation as well as assemblage structure in the plant–animal seed dispersal system. Taxonomically‐related species with similar seed traits as functional groups belong to the same substructures in the assemblage. Our results indicate that both seed traits and taxonomic relationships may simplify thinking about seed dispersal systems by helping to elucidate whether interactions are likely to be dominated by predation or mutualism.     

鲶繁殖生物学的研究

嘉陵江鲶的卵母细胞划分为６个时相。第Ⅱ时相卵母细腻外不仅具有质膜，而且还有滤泡膜的结缔组织膜，第Ⅳ时相卵终细腻具漏斗状和精孔及椭圆形的精孔细腻。嘉陵江鲶的成熟年龄大多为１龄。生殖期雌雄经为２：１。繁殖季节中雌鱼的成熟系数高达１４．５％。对鲶进行人工催产，成功地获得了鲶的受精卵。鲶的受精卵圆形、绿色，膨大后其直径为．０５－４．５７ｍｍ。温度在２７．５－３１℃，幼鱼孵出需要２９个小时３０分钟。初孵仔鱼     

虹鳟不同养殖群体形态性状变异的初步研究

本文采用鱼类形态度量学和框架度量学相结合的方法，对五个不同虹鳟养殖群体（1．渤海群体2．丹麦群体3．道氏群体4．挪威群体5．加州群体）20个比例性状进行了主成分分析，结果表明：虹鳟的形态指标大致可归纳为“大小因子”、“摄食因子”、“游泳因子”、“形态因子”和“头型因子”能较完整（82．66％）地描写虹鳟的外形特征；道氏以外的4个虹鳟群体的形态学特征存在较大的相似性，道氏群体与其他4个虹鳟群体的形态差异较大；通过比较其形态性状以便评估其种内的变异以及各个性状伴随着生长而产生的变化，为今后虹鳟的选育方案设计及选择应答的预测提供参考。     

Determinism of the induction of the reproductive cycle in female Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis: Identification of environmental cues and permissive factors

In Eurasian perch, Perca fluviatilis, gametogenesis is induced by decrease of both temperature and photoperiod. However, a multiplicity of other factors can display non-permissive or modulating effects on the induction of the reproductive cycle. Consequently, a 9-week study was carried out to determine the environmental cues and permissive factors controlling the induction of the reproductive cycle in this species. A two-level fractional factorial design 2^8-4 was used in order to identify the influent factors from 8 environmental and nutritional ones and their 28 interactions. Tested factors were: (1) amplitude of temperature decrease, (2) time, (3) kinetics and (4) amplitude of photoperiod decrease, (5) initial nutritional state, (6) handling, (7) feeding rate and (8) light spectrum. Increase of gonadosomatic index (GSIi), proportion of female in exogenous vitellogenesis (EVP), plasma 17 β-estradiol (E₂) and cortisol levels, fat consumption and food intake were evaluated.This study showed that the amplitude of the decrease of temperature and the time of photoperiod decrease are the two main environmental cues controlling the induction of the reproductive cycle in Eurasian perch. GSIi was the highest (3.8%) when females were exposed to both low amplitude of temperature decrease and precocious decrease of photophase. It was the lowest (1.1%) when high amplitude of temperature decrease and late decrease of photophase were applied. Handling in association with temperature modulated the broodstock response. 100% of the unhandled fish held at 14 °C were at the exogenous vitellogenesis stage with mean E₂ and basal cortisol levels of 1.6 ng mL^− 1 and 9 ng mL^− 1 respectively. Handled fish and fish held at 6 °C exhibited lower vitellogenesis (40-73%) associated with lower E₂ (0.6-1.1 ng mL^− 1) and higher basal cortisol levels (37-89 ng mL^− 1). No other factor nor interaction displayed a cueing or non permissive effect on the induction of the reproductive cycle in female Eurasian perch. A first schematic model is proposed to explain the factorial determinism of the induction of the reproductive cycle.     

利用重组自交系群体定位玉米生育期相关性状QTL

利用玉米自交系80007和80044为亲本,衍生包含355个家系的重组自交系(RIL)F9群体,采用SSR标记构建包括219个标记的连锁图谱,图谱总长度2 133.5 cM,标记间平均距离9.7 cM。采用完备区间作图法对控制玉米抽雄期、散粉期、吐丝期以及散粉至吐丝间隔期的4个生育期相关性状进行QTL分析。结果表明,共检测到60个QTL,其中抽雄期检测到20个QTL,吐丝期检测到15个QTL,散粉期检测到20个QTL,散粉至吐丝间隔期检测到5个QTL。共有7个QTL对表型变异的解释率超过了10%,表现为主效QTL效应,分布在第3、4和第9染色体。有11个QTL在不同环境中能重复检测出,是受环境影响较小、为较稳定的QTL。分析发现,生育期相关性状的QTL在染色体上有"成簇"分布的现象,并且贡献率较大的QTL控制着多个相关性状。结果表明,bin3.04-3.05、bin3.09、bin7.03和bin9.02-9.03是生育期相关性状QTL的密集区域,这些区域存在对生育期相关性状重要作用的位点。     

小麦籽粒淀粉含量的QTL定位及效应分析

为深入了解小麦籽粒淀粉含量的遗传特性和QTL效应,选择淀粉含量差异较大的小麦品种M344和武春3号杂交,创制F2∶3群体,并利用973对SSR引物对小麦籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量进行基于混合线性模型的QTL定位及效应分析。构建了包含有163个标记的遗传连锁图谱,分布于18条染色体,连锁图谱总长度为1 622.5cM,标记间平均距离为9.95cM。QTL分析表明,共检测到4个主效QTL和12对上位性QTL,涉及1B、2B、2D、4A、5D、6A和7A等16条染色体。其中,抗性淀粉含量上位性QTL3对,总淀粉含量上位性QTL 4对,直链淀粉含量上位性QTL 5对,总贡献率分别为8.34%、17.50%和8.13%。总淀粉和直链淀粉含量各检测到1个加性QTL,抗性淀粉含量检测到2个加性QTL,贡献率分别为5.34%、8.49%、11.47%、12.53%。研究发现,2B染色体Xwmc453.3~Xcfd44.2标记区间的QTL位点同时影响抗性淀粉和总淀粉含量,2D染色体Xgwm296~Xgwm455.2标记区间的QTL位点同时影响抗性淀粉和直链淀粉含量,7A染色体Xwmc488.1~Xwmc488.2标记区间的QTL位点同时影响直链淀粉和总淀粉含量。     

云南软香型籼稻品种滇屯502的复壮研究

软香型品种滇屯502是云南特色优质米生产的当家品种,30余年生产应用种性退化严重,在无病虫害防治条件下,其稻瘟病发病率为100%,产量减少41.9%。为了对该品种进行复壮,采用单穗选择、株系比较、品系鉴定的方法,紧扣稻瘟病抗性、香味和软米几个重要而典型的性状,开展滇屯502复壮相关研究。结果表明,在2.67万株滇屯502群体中筛选出3个复壮品系,入选率为0.01%。这3个品系表型和食味品质与滇屯502相似,但产量和稻瘟病抗性较滇屯502分别至少提高41.1%和58.3%。利用复壮品系混系繁殖形成的复壮滇屯502,较原种滇屯502的生产力得到明显提高。本研究结果可为云南软香常规稻品种复壮提供技术和经验指导。