借助细胞流式仪进行枇杷基因组学测序材料的倍性鉴定

利用流式细胞仪进行测试枇杷品种的染色体倍数鉴定,并用低深度测序结果进行验证,据此为选择枇杷全基因组测序材料提供依据。结果表明,来自华南农业大学种质资源圃和四川石棉的‘大五星’均与‘解放钟’一样为二倍体,而来自四川农业大学的两份‘大五星’枇杷1号和188号材料均为三倍体。测序结果显示,来自华南农业大学资源圃的‘解放钟’枇杷为二倍体,773 Mb;而来自四川农大的‘大五星’枇杷1号和188号可能都为三倍体,基因组大小分别为749 Mb和765 Mb。以已确定基因组大小的植物萝卜、番茄和大豆为参照测定了‘解放钟’枇杷的基因组大小,结果为654.399 Mb。     

不同倍性西瓜幼苗叶片超微结构的比较

以蜜枚西瓜二倍体、三倍体、四倍体作为实验材料,通过透射电镜观察不同倍性的西瓜幼苗叶片超微结构的差异,结果表明,与二倍体相比,三倍体和四倍体西瓜的叶片内,维管束组织较强,细胞较大,单个细胞内的叶绿体、线粒体、基粒以及基粒片层数增加,细胞活性增强,表现出基因的剂量效应和多倍体的抗性优势。     

菊花染色体倍性鉴定研究

[目的]综述菊花染色体倍性鉴定的常用方法及其在育种中的应用。[方法]重点介绍了染色体计数法和流式细胞术法,简要介绍了染色体倍性鉴定在菊花品种鉴定和育种中的应用情况。[结果]染色体计数法一般分为取材、预处理、固定、解离、染色、制片、镜检和制作永久玻片等步骤。流式细胞术鉴定法目前已成为倍性鉴定的主要方法,尤其适合大量样品的染色体倍性分析。介绍了流式细胞仪的结构与工作原理、使用方法与操作步骤。染色体倍性鉴定方法在菊花品种鉴定和育种中的应用主要在品种鉴定、杂交组合的选配、杂交后代材料的提前筛选和亲缘关系的鉴定4个方面。[结论]染色体计数法和流式细胞术法2种方法的结合有利于提高染色体倍性鉴定的效率和准确性。     

Unreduced 3x gamete formation of allotriploid hybrid derived from the cross of Primula denticulata (4x)?×?P. rosea (2x) as a causal factor for producing pentaploid hybrids in the backcross with pollen of tetraploid P. denticulata

A triploid hybrid, which was obtained from interspecific crosses between tetraploid Primula denticulata (2n = 4x = 44) and P. rosea (2n = 2x = 22), successfully produced 11 plants by backcrossing with pollen of tetraploid P. denticulata. Analysis of ploidy level using flow cytometry and chromosome counting in the 11 BC₁ plants revealed that all progeny had much larger DNA contents and chromosome number than both parents. In this triploid-tetraploid (3x–4x) crossing, progeny was predominantly true or near pentaploid presumably produced by the fertilization between true or near triploid female gamete produced from triploid hybrid and diploid pollen of tetraploid P. denticulata. These results suggest that unreduced (3x) or near triploid female gametes were partially produced by single step meiosis, either first-division restitution or second-division restitution process. The zygotes formed by the fertilization between true or near triploid egg produced by single step meiosis in triploid hybrid and diploid pollen produced by normal meiosis of tetraploid P. denticulata might be the only survivors in embryogenesis.     

葡萄新品种早黑宝的倍性结构鉴定

早黑宝是用杂交和诱变相结合的方法培育的早熟鲜食葡萄新品种。为搞清该种质的倍性结构,以便育种利用,根据组织发生层学说,以京亚(4x)、早黑宝、早玫瑰(2x)、瑰宝(2x)4个品种为试材,通过测定气孔保卫细胞大小和叶绿体数目;观测比较花粉粒形态、大小、活力以及坐果率;观察根尖染色体数目等试验分别推断LⅠ层、LⅡ层、LⅢ层细胞的倍性,同时运用梢端切片法对4个品种的3层分生细胞进行观察和大小测定比较,结果表明早黑宝的倍性结构为4-4-4型,为同质四倍体。     

Evaluation of crucial factors for implementing shed-microspore culture of Indonesian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars

A shed-microspore culture protocol was developed in Wageningen for producing doubled haploid plants in several genotypes of Indonesian hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). For transfer of technology to Indonesia, three factors were studied that appeared crucial for successful implementation in practice. First, application in the culture medium of a combination of the antibiotics timentin and rifampicin at the concentrations of 200 and 10 mg/l, respectively, prevented bacterial contamination from the donor explants. Second, in vitro application of colchicine (100 μM) during the first week of culture was highly effective in increasing the percentage of doubled haploid plants. Third, a comparative analysis of the ploidy level of plants regenerated from shed-microspore-derived embryos using chloroplast counts in guard cells of leaf stomata and flow cytometric measurement of leaf nuclear DNA content, revealed that the first procedure is a reliable and an easy to use method for ploidy determination with hot pepper.     

5个黄皮品种实生苗倍性鉴定

酸解去壁及低渗处理后,对根尖细胞进行压片,对从城黄皮、岐山屈督黄皮、甜黄皮、鸡心黄皮和郁南无核黄皮等5个品种的实生苗进行倍性鉴定,结果显示,它们均为二倍体,2n=2x=18,未发现随体、多倍和混倍现象。     

西瓜倍性回复突变研究

 2001年和2002年在四倍体西瓜品种790010、日み66、91E7和770007中各发现1份类似二倍体西瓜的种子, 对这4份突变体进行了形态学和细胞学的观察和鉴定。结果表明: 突变体的茎、叶、花、果实和种子的形态特征与对照四倍体有明显差异。显微特征也有差异, 其花粉粒直径和保卫细胞均较小,叶绿体数也减少, 体细胞具22条染色体, 是对照四倍体的一半, 具典型的二倍体西瓜特征, 同时还具原品种特征, 因此确定4份突变体均由四倍体西瓜回复突变而来。     

中国西北地区内陆盐湖卤虫染色体倍性 组成的研究

本文研究了新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）、青海省和内蒙古自治区（简称内蒙古）19个卤虫品系的染色体倍性组成。其中属于两性生殖类型的卤虫有13个品系，孤雌生殖类型的卤虫有6个品系。13个行两性生殖品系的染色体为：二倍体，2n＝42，6个行孤雌生殖品系的染色体，既有二倍体2n＝42，又四倍体，4n＝84和五倍体，5n＝105。一部分细胞的染色体表现非整倍的特点。     

Characterization of ploidy levels in Chrysanthemum L. by flow cytometry

Analyzing the ploidy levels of plants is important for identifying species, selecting parental lines, identifying the relationships between species, and determining evolutionary patterns. The genus Chr...