Soil water content,absorption of nutrient elements,and responses to fertilization of sunflower: A case study

Sunflower is considered to be a drought tolerant crop due to its root system. In Argentina, water availability and mineral nutrition are the main factors determining yield. We evaluated the behavior of a sunflower hybrid subjected to fertilization in a period of drought. A trial with the hybrid Paraiso 5 was carried out on a Typic Hapludoll located in western Buenos Aires province. The six treatments were: control; 150 kg or 300 kg available nitrogen (N) ha^‐1 (Native N supplemented with fertilizer); 150 kg or 300 kg available N ha^‐1 (Native N supplemented with fertilizer) plus other macro‐ and micronutrients, and macro‐ and micronutrients without N. Leaf area, plant biomass, root biomass, and yield components were determined. Plant tops and grain were analyzed for N, phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). Soil water content to a 1.2 m depth was measured periodically. At sowing, soil moisture was adequate, but during the first two months, the soil water content dropped to near the wilting point. Roots were largely located in the first 10 cm and dropped abruptly at deeper depths. The highest grain yield resulted from the highest N rates, but there were no effects from other nutrient elements. The oil content was not affected by these treatments. The chemical composition of the straw showed significant differences in N, P, S, and Mn concentration. In grain, only N increased as a response to N fertilization. This hybrid absorbed most nutrient elements during the first half of the life cycle and this corresponded to a time of drought conditions. Apparently roots are able to absorb water from the deep soil depths and still absorb nutrient elements from top soil. These traits might be crop strategies to respond to fertilization under drought.     

不同氨氮浓度对水蕹菜生长特性的影响

[目的]探讨不同氨氮浓度对水蕹菜生长特性的影响。[方法]通过在营养液中设置不同氨氮浓度(0、0.1、0.5、1.0、5.0、10.0、50.0 mg/L),对优良的水面培植作物——水蕹菜扦插苗展开培养,研究其各项生长指标对氨氮浓度变化的响应及其对氨氮的吸收利用。[结果]氮素缺乏导致水蕹菜植株增高减缓,叶片黄化,分蘖受抑。当氨氮浓度超过0.5 mg/L时,植物快速增高;但超过10.0 mg/L,又会抑制植株增长,根系溃烂,叶片脱落。氨氮初始浓度为1.0 mg/L时,水蕹菜各项生长指标最优,对氨氮净化效率最大,为96.3%。氨氮浓度超过1.0 mg/L时,植株根长偏短,根重偏低,茎叶系统增重明显,总生物量增长状况优于低氨氮处理(1.0 mg/L),但净化效率却随着氨氮浓度的增加而下降。[结论]该研究为鱼虾菜生态养殖模式的推广应用提供了理论依据。     

水培生菜高产品种筛选及不同通气处理对生菜平均单株质量和品质的影响

采用简易设施水培法筛选得到适合在海南水培种植的高产生菜品种——罗马生菜,同时研究不同通气处理对生菜平均单株质量和品质的影响。结果表明：通气处理可显著降低生菜叶片的硝酸盐、纤维素含量,提高维生素C、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白质的含量,其中以7: 00～19: 00每隔4 h通气2 h的处理对提高生菜平均单株质量和品质效果最好。     

三种柳树新品系的水插生根研究

2010年12月和2011年2月,分别对柳L0906、柳L0903、柳L0911 3种插穗在清水(CK)、NAA 10 mg/L、NAA 20mg/L、ABT10 mg/L、ABT20 mg/L5种处理下进行了水插生根试验。结果表明,在时间上2011年2月的插穗生根状况最好。插穗在ABT10 mg/L处理中形成根部愈伤组织最快,但最后在清水中长势、根的平均长度最好。这3种插穗中柳L0906的生根效果好。     

调节营养液电导率对卡罗番茄果实品质和产量的影响

以卡罗番茄为材料,采用水培法,研究营养液电导率的调节对卡罗番茄果实品质和产量的影响。结果表明,采用提高营养液浓度或添加NaCl提高营养液电导率的方法栽培番茄,可以提高番茄果实可溶性固形物、番茄红素、Vc以及可滴定总酸的含量,其中对番茄红素的提高影响最为显著,同时番茄产量有一定程度的下降。在营养液电导率相同的条件下,采用营养液添加NaCl的方法对番茄品质的影响大于提高营养液浓度的处理。变化浓度的营养液比维持恒定浓度的营养液更有利于番茄果实品质提高。     

不同供气条件对水培黄瓜幼苗生长的影响

以黄瓜品种冬雪棚丰6号为试材,以营养液充气水培为对照,研究了在营养液不循环、不充气的条件下,通过调整定植板与营养液面间的距离,研究其对黄瓜幼苗形态指标、根系活力及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明：营养液不充气且定植板漂浮于营养液面的处理,在苗期即出现了低氧胁迫症状,其植株生长量及根系活力均比对照明显降低,根系超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性及丙二醛（MDA）含量均高于对照;营养液不充气,将定植板抬离营养液面约3～5cm的处理,苗期基本无低氧胁迫现象,其形态指标、根系活力和抗氧化酶活性都接近于对照,表明定植板与营养液面保持一定距离,使部分根系暴露于空气中,避免了营养液不充气造成的缺氧伤害。     

中草药提取液对黄瓜苗期杀根结线虫的活性研究

[目的]研究中草药提取液对黄瓜苗期杀根结线虫的活性。[方法]利用植物水培技术,结合生长条件易控制、根系生长过程易连续观察的特点,应用5种具有较强室内触杀根结线虫活性的植物提取液及其与阿维菌素的复配液对黄瓜苗期水培根系杀线活性进行系统研究。[结果]胡黄连和石榴皮提取液可以在不影响水培黄瓜苗期植株生长的前提下表现出对根结线虫良好的活体植株根系寄生防治和杀灭活性,且达到了与阿维菌素相近的作用水平;而狗脊、木香和蛇床子提取液对黄瓜的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,其对根结线虫的防治效用和杀灭活性也较弱。[结论]触杀效果和杀线活性成分能否被植物吸收利用共同制约着具有杀线活性中草药提取液的开发应用。     

中草药提取液对黄瓜苗期杀根结线虫的活性研究

[目的]研究中草药提取液对黄瓜苗期杀根结线虫的活性.[方法]利用植物水培技术,结合生长条件易控制、根系生长过程易连续观察的特点,应用5种具有较强室内触杀根结线虫活性的植物提取液及其与阿维菌素的复配液,对黄瓜苗期水培根系杀线活性进行系统研究.[结果]胡黄连和石榴皮提取液可以在不影响水培黄瓜苗期植株生长的前提下表现出对根结线虫良好的活体植株根系寄生防治和杀灭活性,且达到了与阿维菌素相近的作用水平;而狗脊、木香和蛇床子提取液对黄瓜的生长表现出不同程度的抑制作用,其对根结线虫的防治效用和杀灭活性也较弱.[结论]触杀效果和杀线活性成分能否被植物吸收利用共同制约着具有杀线活性中草药提取液的开发应用. Abstract： Present mature plants hydroponic technology was used,combined with some excellent characteristics,such as growth conditions was easy to control and process of root growth was easy to continuously observe,the nematicidal activity of 5 kinds of Chinese herbs extracts and the compound solution of Avermectin,with strong contact toxicity effect indoor,was systematically studied and investigated the affection on the rootknot nematode parasitized on the cucumber seeding stage.It is found that under the premise of no influence on root growth of cucumber,extracts from Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora and Punica granatum showed strong prevention and nematicidal activity,and had the similar efficacy of Avermectin;while the extracts from Cibotium barornetz,Aucklandia lappa Decne and Fructus cnidii showed low nematicidal activity and various degrees inhibition effect on plant growth.     

钙调素拮抗剂W7对低氧胁迫下黄瓜根系抗氧化系统的影响

以黄瓜为材料采用营养液栽培法研究了低氧胁迫下钙调素拮抗剂W7对根系抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:用50mmol·L-1W7预处理24h后,进行低氧胁迫处理,黄瓜根系的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性降低,而O2产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量均高于低氧胁迫处理.钙调素拮抗剂W7预处理后,导致黄瓜根系内活性氧含量升高和保护酶活性下降,从而降低黄瓜对低氧胁迫的抵抗能力,减缓了根系生长,表明Ca2 ·CaM信号系统的诱导和调控对缓解低氧胁迫具有重要作用.     

Evolutionary changes of weed competitive traits in winter wheat composite cross populations in organic and conventional farming systems

Seedling root and shoot growth in hydroponics and allelopathic activity using a bioassay have been studied in very diverse populations of winter wheat grown under either organic or conventional conditions for a number of generations and subjected only to natural selection. The study was conducted on seeds from generation 6 (F₆) and 11 (F₁₁) from three composite cross populations (CCPs) produced by the Organic Research Centre in the UK. Since the F₅ the populations were maintained under organic and conventional conditions in Germany. Two parallel populations were created from each CC, resulting in a total of six organic and six conventional CCPs. The sets of parallel populations showed similar evolutionary trends indicating that the observed changes are related to differences in management rather than chance. Seedling root length and seedling root and shoot weight in the F₁₁ of the organically-managed CCPs were significantly greater than in the organic F₆ CCPs. In the conventionally-managed CCPs no such differences were observed. Both organic and conventional CCPs produced for quality showed higher early root and shoot growth than those produced for yield pointing to genetic differences among population types and highlighting the importance of early vigour for NUE. There were no significant differences in the allelopathic activity of the populations and between generations. The Shannon-Weaver diversity indices were similar for the studied traits in organic and conventional CCPs and hence no major changes in diversity had occurred between F₆ to F₁₁. As changes in plant height were small and weed pressure in the fields low it is concluded that the observed differences are more related to NUE, rather than intra-specific competition for light or the direct effect of increased weed pressure in the organic system.