干旱胁迫对甜叶菊生理指标及单株干叶产量的影响

为了给干旱胁迫条件下的甜叶菊栽培管理提供理论依据,利用温室盆栽法研究了干旱胁迫对不同种质材料甜叶菊生理指标及干叶产量的影响。结果表明:正常水分处理下5份甜叶菊种质材料的可溶性蛋白质含量、相对电导率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及甜叶菊单株干叶产量不同。随着干旱时间的持续,5份甜叶菊种质材料的可溶性蛋白质含量均表现为下降趋势,仅IS-1在T3(停止灌溉15天)略有上升;5份甜叶菊种质材料相对电导率均出现较平稳的显著增加;IS-1和AL-4叶片MDA的含量随着干旱胁迫时间的持续先降低后升高,而QF-1、‘青甜杂4’及JD-1叶片MDA的含量持续升高;SOD与POD的活性均表现出先升高后降低再升高的变化趋势;5份甜叶菊种质材料的单株干叶产量均出现不同程度的下降趋势。相同处理中不同材料的相同指标变化程度不同,说明其抗旱能力不同:其中IS-1最强,QF-1最弱,其他3份材料的抗旱性顺序分别为:AL-4>‘青甜杂4’>JD-1。     

种植密度对东方百合“西伯利亚”生长及切花品质的影响

为了研究不同种植密度对东方百合"西伯利亚"生长及切花品质的影响,试验选用周径16～18 cm的东方百合"西伯利亚"为试材,分别设32株·m2(处理A)、44株·m-2(处理B)、52株·m-2(处理C)3个种植密度处理.结果表明,不同种植密度下的东方百合"西伯利亚"生长发育进程的总体趋势基本一致,种植密度对东方百合"西伯利亚"生长发育进程的影响主要出现在植株生长发育的中后期,但处理间的差异不显著;种植密度对东方百合"西伯利亚"的生物学性状具有一定影响,其中处理A的叶片数、比叶重、基根均长以及茎根均长都显著高于处理C;种植密度对东方百合"西伯利亚"的干物质积累和分配存在一定影响,除了切花产量之外,不同种植密度下的东方百合"西伯利亚"的其他切花品质指标虽然存在一定差异,但均不显著.因此,适当密植不仅对东方百合"西伯利亚"的生长和切花品质不会造成较大的影响,而且还可以有效地利用各种资源,增加单位面积的切花产量,进而提高切花生产企业的经济效益.     

等氮条件下不同施肥方式对水稻生长发育及产量的影响

在中国科学院桃源农业生态试验站进行了长期定位试验,以研究在等量化肥氮条件下,NP、NPK、NPK+C(养分循环)等处理对水稻生长发育的影响.结果表明,等量化肥氮条件下配施NPK+C对水稻生长影响最为明显,各项指标均为最高,早稻和晚稻产量分别是CK的2.5倍与1.6倍左右.NP、NPK、NPK+C处理均可显著促进水稻生长...     

Morphology,tannin concentration and forage value of 15 Swiss accessions of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) as influenced by harvest time and cultivation site

Fifteen accessions of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) were characterized for morphological and phenological traits at Reckenholz in the Swiss lowlands (Experiment 1). The effects of accession, harvest time and site on dry‐matter yield, condensed tannin (CT) concentration and forage value (Experiment 2) were determined at three sites in Switzerland varying in altitude from 440 to 559 m. Three to four harvests were taken in the first year after establishment (second year of stand) with harvests 1 and 2 chemically analysed. From the characterization in Experiment 1, a clear grouping of single flowering (Communis) and multiple flowering (Bifera) accessions emerged. Additionally, within the Communis accessions, distinct groupings were identified (historical landraces and newly collected ecotypes) based on morphological characteristics. Experiment 2 showed that Communis and Bifera accessions had a similar chemical composition in the first harvest. In the second harvest, Communis accessions were higher in crude protein and CT and lower in neutral and acid detergent fibre concentrations than Bifera accessions. Total dry‐matter yields were higher for Bifera accessions. Among the Communis accessions, ecotypes had consistently higher CT concentrations than landraces. In vitro organic matter digestibility did not significantly differ among accessions. There were clear effects of harvest time and site for most variables, with clear harvest time × sainfoin group interaction but no site × sainfoin group interactions. The results clearly demonstrate that historical landraces and newly collected ecotypes expand the range of available genetic variation for sainfoin breeding.     

Organic matter and seed survival of Striga hermonthica – Mechanisms for seed depletion in the soil

Seed survival of Striga hermonthica is influenced by amendments of organic matter; however, the role of organic matter quality (C:N ratio) and mechanisms for enhanced seed decay are inadequately understood. In a field experiment, plots received a single dose of 6 t organic matter per hectare but with large differences in quality in terms of C:N ratio. Soil moisture, soil temperature and soil ethylene concentrations were measured, while buried nylon seed bags were periodically withdrawn from the soil and assayed for seed viability and germination. Organic matter amendments incorporated in the soil significantly depressed S. hermonthica seed survival. The effect was strongest with organic matter of high quality. Organic matter of low-quality enhanced soil water content during the first five days after a rainfall event and resulted in a 0.5 °C lower soil temperature. The highest observed ethylene concentrations in the soil were between 2 and 3 ppm, high enough to stimulate S. hermonthica seed germination. Maximal seed germination in vitro was obtained after 48 h of exposure to 1 ppm ethylene. However, observed changes in seed germination and viability of retrieved seed batches (seed survival) did not correlate with soil ethylene concentrations. The latter in turn did not differ between qualities of the applied organic matter. Seed survival decreased with increasing time of burial, especially after 4–8 weeks. As S. hermonthica attachment mainly occurs during the first four weeks of the cropping season the observed effect of seed decay may hardly be beneficial for the on-going cropping season. Nutrient release through decomposition of organic matter, enhancing decay of S. hermonthica seeds, is proposed as the probable cause of seed depletion in the soil.     

Conversion of starch from dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to ethanol

Dry common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated for potential conversion of starch to ethanol. Eight varieties of beans with average starch content of 46% (db) were assayed in a laboratory-scaled process based upon the commercial corn dry grind fermentation process. Ethanol yield was 0.43-0.51 g ethanol/g glucose (0.19-0.23 g ethanol/g beans). The average ethanol yield for the eight bean types was 92% of maximum theoretical yield, demonstrating that starch from beans could be efficiently converted to ethanol. Ethanol concentration obtained from 20% (w/w) solids loading was 3.5-4.4% (w/v). The residual fermentation solids contained, on a dry basis, 37.1-43.6% crude protein, 10.8-15.1% acid detergent fiber and 19.1-31.3% neutral detergent fiber.     

不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相关研究

为了探讨黑龙江省南部稻区不同水稻品种干物质积累与产量性状的相互关系,选用了该稻区不同时期主栽的6个品种为试验材料,通过田间小区对比试验进行研究,结果表明：不同水稻品种干物质积累总的趋势是前期低、后期高、中期次之;不同水稻品种抽穗前、抽穗后干物质积累量比例不同,抽穗后干物质积累量明显高于抽穗前干物质积累量;干物质积累量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳2号’、‘松粳6号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;产量由高到低的品种为‘松粳9号’、‘松粳3号’、‘松粳6号’、‘松粳2号’、‘五优稻1号’、‘藤系138’;拔节至齐穗期和齐穗至成熟期干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与每穗粒数、千粒重呈极显著正相关;抽穗后干物质积累量与产量呈显著正相关;总干物质积累量与产量呈极显著正相关;成穗率与产量呈极显著正相关,结实率与产量呈显著正相关。合理提高拔节至成熟期干物质积累量有利于提高本稻区水稻产量。     

套作条件下种植密度对紫色甘薯干物质生产的影响

为了研究川中丘陵区旱地套作条件下种植密度对紫色甘薯干物质生产的影响,在与玉米套作条件下,以鲜食型紫色甘薯品种‘南紫薯008’为材料,设置5个种植密度,测定紫色甘薯叶面积指数、群体生长率、群体光合势、干物质积累、产量等指标。结果表明：在套作条件下,随着种植密度的增加,‘南紫薯008’群体叶面积指数有升高的趋势,群体生长率、群体光合势、商品薯率、干物质率、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量均呈先升后降的趋势,而单株结薯数、单株薯鲜重则下降,群体干物质积累量和T/R则随生育期的推进不同密度间表现有所差异。公顷种植密度在3.5×10⁴~4.0×10⁴株时,群体干物质积累量、鲜薯产量、淀粉产量和商品薯率均较高。套作条件下‘南紫薯008’最高鲜薯产量为11816.9 kg/hm²,约为其净作产量的42.6%~53.1%。川中丘陵区旱地套作条件下紫色甘薯适宜的种植密度为3.5×10⁴~4.0×10⁴株/hm²。     

Environmental effects of a marine fish farm of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) in the NW Mediterranean Sea on water column and sediment

This study examined the effects of organic enrichment on water column, sediments and macrofauna caused by a fish farm in the Mediterranean Sea. Samples were collected on four sampling campaigns over a one‐year cycle. Significant differences were found in the water column in dissolved oxygen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and total phosphorus concentrations between the fish farm and the control. The increase in the dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate concentrations at the fish farm modified the stoichiometric ratios between nutrients, with silicate acting as limiting nutrient at the fish farm 11% more than at the control. Nevertheless, chlorophyll a concentration in the water column was higher at the control station, probably due to the fouling of the underwater fish farm structures. Significant differences were found in sediment concentrations of organic matter, total phosphorus and redox potential between the fish farm and the control. The Canonical Correlation Analysis indicated that organic matter, total phosphorus, redox potential and% of gravels accounted for 68.9% of the total variance in the species data. Changes were observed in macrofauna, with a decrease in number of species and up to a nine‐fold increase in abundance with respect to the control.     

施氮量对超级稻‘松粳9号’产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探讨施氮量与‘松粳9号’干物质积累、产量、氮肥利用率之间的关系,明确最佳氮肥施用量,使其在生产中真正发挥超级稻的增产潜力。以超级稻‘松粳9号’为材料,通过田间小区对比试验,研究了不同氮肥施用量对超级稻‘松粳9号’产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,在水稻齐穗期,地上部植株干物质积累量和吸氮量都随着施氮量的增加而增加;成熟期地上部植株干物质积累量和吸氮量都随着施氮量的增加出现先增后减的趋势。氮肥利用率随着施氮量的增加而降低。随着施氮量的增加产量出现先增后减的趋势。产量与成熟期稻穗和植株干物重、齐穗期稻穗含氮量、成熟期稻穗和植株含氮量呈极显著正相关,与氮肥生理利用率呈显著正相关。施氮量195 kg/hm²能实现超级稻‘松粳9号’最高产量。