Physiological characteristics of high yield under cluster planting: photosynthesis and canopy microclimate of cotton

Cotton produces more biomass and economic yield when cluster planting pattern (three plants per hole) than in a traditional planting pattern (one plant per hole), even at similar plant densities, indicating that individual plant growth is promoted by cluster planting. The causal factors for this improved growth induced by cluster planting pattern, the light interception, canopy microclimate and photosynthetic rate of cotton were investigated in an arid region of China. The results indicated that the leaf area index and light interception were higher in cluster planting, and significantly different from those in traditional planting during the middle and late growth stages. Cotton canopy humidity at different growth stages was increased but canopy temperatures were reduced by cluster planting. In the later growth stage of cluster planting, the leaf chlorophyll content was higher and the leaf net photosynthetic rate and canopy photosynthetic rate were significantly increased in comparing with traditional planting pattern. We concluded that differences in canopy light interception and photosynthetic rate were the primary factors responsible for increased biomass production and economic yield in cluster planting compared with the traditional planting of cotton.     

村庄空心化背景下的农村居民点空间布局重构研究

农村居民点空间布局重构对于指导区域农村居民点整理规划、实现土地可持续发展具有重要意义。笔者以黑龙江省明水县明水镇为研究区,通过计算研究区空心化程度、农村居民点整理的重要性指数、迫切性指数、整理时序指数,对农村居民点的整理时序进行划分,提出农村居民点的整理迁移方案。研究结果表明:研究区各村屯农村居民点空心化现象明显,向阳村张奎英屯空心化率最高;在空心化趋势预测结果中,规划近期城北村空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划中期互助村空心化增强趋势变化最明显,规划远期向阳村空心化增强趋势变化最明显;在农村居民点整理时序上,保留农居点占总数的35.29%,近期整理农居点占总数的9.8%,中期整理农居点占总数的23.53%,远期整理农居点占总数的31.37%。最后提出合理的整理迁移方案,研究成果为指导县域农村居民点整理规划提供参考和科学依据。     

江西省新型农业社会化服务体系的特点与运行模式

实地调研江西省新型农业社会化服务体系建设现状，对江西省目前的新型农业社会化服务体系的特点与运行模式进行分析，针对当地在服务体系构建过程中出现的问题，提出新时期的发展建议。     

利川市山区马铃薯规模化种植的实践与思考

为了探索出一种独具特色的马铃薯规范化、规模化种植模式,基于利川市山区马铃薯规模化种植基地建设情况,结合利川市实际情况,按照优质高效、农旅融合的农业高质量发展要求,对推进马铃薯规模化种植的经验进行总结,提出加强科技支撑、优化发展模式、做好新型职业农民培训、创新管理模式、强化品牌效应的建议。     

氮、磷添加对不同种植密度樟树幼苗碳储量及其分配的影响

【目的】对氮(N)、磷(P)添加条件下4种种植密度的樟树Cinnamomum camphora幼苗各器官碳(C)含量、储量和分配比例进行研究,以期为氮沉降和磷添加背景下森林碳储量分配格局的变化提供参考。【方法】以1年生樟树幼苗为试验材料,选择氯化铵(NH4Cl)作为氮肥模拟氮沉降,以二水合磷酸二氢钠(NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O)作为磷添加,设置4个水平:不加N和P(对照,CK),加N,加P,加N和P(N+P)。N、P及N+P每年的添加量分别为NH4Cl40 g·m-2、NaH_2PO_4·2H2O 20 g·m~(-2)和NH4Cl 40 g·m~(-2)+NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O 20 g·m~(-2);种植密度设置4个水平,即10、20、40和80株·m-2。【结果】各氮、磷添加和密度处理下幼苗的根、茎和枝的C含量基本上差异不显著,而添加N和N+P能够促使樟树幼苗叶的C含量上升。随着种植密度的增大,樟树幼苗叶片C含量表现出下降的趋势;N、P添加处理基本上能够促进幼苗单株C储量和单位面积C储量的增加;随着种植密度的增大,单株幼苗C储量呈现下降的趋势。【结论】樟树幼苗叶的单株C储量和单位面积C储量分配比例随着种植密度的增大逐渐减小。高密度种植有利于茎的分配比例增加。N+P添加处理对幼苗C储量的促进效果大于单一N或P添加处理。     

"双高"糖料蔗高产种植栽培技术

灵山县贯彻落实国家和自治区部署，加快推进优质高产、高糖糖料蔗基地建设，目前已建成近1333.4hm²“双高”基地，并通过实施“双高”糖料蔗高产种植栽培技术，平均亩产达到8T，蔗糖分达到14%以上。     

Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

东北棕壤长期不同施肥处理轮作大豆氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮特征

【目的】在玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,基于棕壤肥料长期定位试验,研究不同施肥处理对东北地区大豆生物量、产量、各部位吸氮量及收获期土壤0―100 cm硝态氮累积的影响,为该地区合理施肥提供理论依据和科学指导。【方法】棕壤肥料长期定位田间试验始于1979年,包括不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥(N)、氮磷钾肥配施(NPK)、低量厩肥(M1)及其与化肥配施(M1N和M1NPK)、高量厩肥(M2)及其与化肥配施(M2N和M2NPK)9个处理。厩肥为猪厩肥,1992年后大豆季不施猪厩肥,仅在玉米季相关处理中施用。39年后,调查分析了大豆生物量、产量、氮素吸收利用及大豆收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮累积特征。【结果】高量、低量厩肥配施化肥处理大豆生物量、产量、总吸氮量及各部位吸氮量均显著高于单施氮肥和不施肥处理,其中,M1NPK处理大豆生物量、产量和总吸氮量最高,分别为9107、2979和314.2 k g/h m^2,较其他处理分别提高了6.1%~133.6%、23.9%~232.5%和11.7%~359.4%。施肥提高了大豆氮收获指数,但氮素生理效率降低。NPK和M1NPK处理的氮素收获指数最高,均为63.5%,而氮素生理效率较CK分别降低了30.6%和28.1%。大豆收获期各处理土壤硝态氮累积量随土层深度的增加而降低。与播前相比,大豆收获期单施氮肥处理的0―100 cm土层硝态氮积累量显著增加,NPK处理变化不显著,M1、M1N和M1NPK处理显著降低。低量厩肥配施化肥处理收获期0―100 cm土壤硝态氮积累量远低于高量厩肥配施化肥处理,较播前平均降低了79.2%。所有处理中,土壤硝态氮积累量以M1NPK处理最低,比其他处理平均降低了58.2%。【结论】在东北棕壤地区玉米–玉米–大豆轮作体系下,玉米季低量厩肥(13.5 t/hm^2)与氮磷钾化肥配合施用时,大豆季仅施氮磷钾化肥既可提高大豆生物量、产量,促进氮素吸收,同时还可降低大豆收获期土壤硝态氮累积量,降低环境风险,是该轮作体系较为合理的施肥方式。     

经济作物替代薯稻三熟制早稻对肥料利用、土壤养分和经济效益的影响

为缩短“薯-稻-稻”三熟制作物早稻的生育期,促进“薯-稻-稻”茬口顺畅衔接,提高整体经济效益,本研究以不同经济作物替代早稻,分别在2016年惠东县和2017年白云区试点进行田间试验,共设置5个处理:休耕T₀(空白对照,不种任何作物)、常规处理T_CK(早稻)、T₁(黄瓜)、T₂(豆角)、T₃(甜玉米),探究不同春播经济作物生育期、产量、种植效益和肥料效率及土壤酶活的差异。结果表明,种植黄瓜、豆角和甜玉米替代早稻均可明显增加经济效益和缩短生育期。其中,T₃效果最优,与T_CK相比,单位面积种植效益增加了1.32~3.72 元·m^-2,生育期缩短了37~43 d,收获指数提高了18.6%~20.1%;同时,增加了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,增强了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性。综上,甜玉米等经济作物代替早稻形成的“经济作物-中晚稻-冬种马铃薯”三熟轮作模式可以使作物茬口衔接更加顺畅,提升三季作物的整体经济效益,对农民增收具有积极作用。本研究为优化广东乃至华南“薯-稻-稻”三熟区的种植模式提供了理论基础和实践依据。     

中国农耕区土壤有机质含量及其与酸碱度和容重关系

对我国农耕区土壤有机质区域变化及其与酸碱度和容重关系进行系统分析，为耕地地力提升和改善土壤结构提供支撑。基于国家级耕地长期定位监测点913个，统计分析全国及7大区域（东北NE、华北NC、西北NW、长江中游MYR、长三角YRD、华南SC、西南SW）耕层土壤有机质含量、酸碱度及容重变化特征。结果表明，全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量平均值为22.4~24.8 g/kg。其中有机质含量中等偏低的监测点位占比达72.5%。不同区域耕层土壤有机质含量差异显著（p<0.05），MYR耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于其他6个区域。全国农耕区耕层土壤pH和容重平均分别为（6.90±1.20），（1.30±0.15） g/cm³。不同土壤利用方式对土壤有机质、酸碱度及容重产生影响。水田耕层土壤有机质含量显著高于旱地，旱地耕层土壤pH和容重则显著高于水田。亚当斯方程和指数函数分别推荐拟合土壤容重对有机质含量响应关系（R²=0.09，RMSE=0.17，n=759），以及土壤pH对土壤有机质含量响应（R²=0.16，RMSE=1.24，n=886）。全国农耕区耕层土壤有机质含量总体中等偏低，呈现出东南向西北依次降低趋势。土壤pH及容重与土壤有机质呈现显著的负相关关系。亚当斯模型及指数方程能较好地拟合土壤容重及pH对有机质的响应关系，可用于非线性插值法补充土壤容重及pH缺失值。