Sublethal effects of a carbamate pesticide on pheromonal mediated endocrine function in mature male Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) parr

The sublethal effect of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran on the priming pheromonal system of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated that ovulated female salmon release a priming pheromone in their urine (considered to be an F-type prostaglandin) which is subsequently detected by mature male salmon and results in increased levels of plasma sex steroids and expressible milt. In the present study, electrophysiological recordings from the olfactory epithelium of mature male salmon parr indicated that the responses to prostaglandin F₂ (PGF₂) were significantly reduced at nominal concentrations of carbofuran as low as 1.0 µg l^-1, and the threshold of detection was reduced 10-fold. A 5 day exposure to carbofuran significantly reduced the ability of male parr to respond to PGF₂ stimulation. The priming effect of PGF₂ on milt and plasma 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one levels were abolished at water concentrations at and above 2.7 µg l^-1. In addition, the priming effect of PGF₂ on plasma testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone concentrations was abolished at water carbofuran concentrations above 6.5 µg l^-1. Exposure to similar concentrations of carbofuran also resulted in a reduction in the levels of free and glucuronidated steroids in the bile of PGF₂ primed male parr. The effect of carbofuran on the priming response did not appear to be due to a direct effect on the testes, since the ability of testes to respond to pituitary extract stimulation in vitro was not impaired in carbofuran-exposed males. Carbofuran appeared to reduce significantly or abolish the priming pheromonal system in mature male parr by directly affecting the ability of the olfactory system to detect PGF₂, although the toxicological mechanism involved is as yet unknown. The results are therefore discussed in relation to the possible sublethal effects of carbofuran on reproduction in the Atlantic salmon.     

高剂量辐照鸡胸肉安全性毒理学评价

以10、15和25kGy剂量辐照处理鸡胸肉,通过动物急性毒性试验、Ames试验、骨髓细胞微核试验、精子畸形试验和30d喂养试验,对其食用安全性进行评价。结果表明,雌、雄小鼠急性经口LD50均大于10g/kg.BW,属实际无毒级;Ames试验、小鼠骨髓微核试验、精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30d喂养试验各项指标均未见异...     

“金花”菌食品安全性毒理学评价

按照食品安全性毒理学评价程序,研究了"金花"菌对大小鼠的毒副作用。结果表明,"金花"菌对小鼠的经口LD50>10 000 mg/(kg.bw),属于实际无毒物;骨髓细胞微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;30 d喂养大鼠生长发育良好,血液学指标和血液学生化指标均在正常范围内,而且解剖未见异常症状。     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

灵芝 孢子合剂的安全性毒理学及保健功能评价

灵芝孢子合剂的主要成分为原木灵芝破壁孢子粉和原木灵芝浸膏粉 ,本研究对其安全性毒理学及保健功能进行评价。结果表明 ,灵芝孢子合剂对两种性别昆明种小鼠口投LD50 均大于 10 g/kg体重 ,且无任何病变、致突变作用 ,对SD大白鼠生长发育无不良影响 ,属实际无毒物。口饲不同剂量 (3g、1g、0 .33g/kg)的孢子合剂 ,昆明种小鼠S - 180和H - 2 2瘤重均显著低于对照组 ,高剂量组抑瘤率分别为 34.8%～ 39.7%和 32 .5%～ 37.7% ;而BALB/C小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬率及脾脏自然杀伤细胞活性均明显高于对照组 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5)。本研究认为灵芝孢子合剂口服安全且无毒副作用 ,具有抑制肿瘤和免疫调节作用 ,符合保健食品的要求     

Use of a point-of-care urine drug test in a dog to assist in diagnosing barbiturate toxicosis secondary to ingestion of a euthanized carcass

Objective – To describe a case of barbiturate toxicosis in a dog secondary to ingestion of a previously buried euthanized goat carcass and to discuss the utility of urine drug testing in diagnosing barbiturate toxicosis.
Case Summary – A 6-year-old neutered male Border Collie was presented to a university veterinary teaching hospital for evaluation of ataxia and acute collapse. Past pertinent history included Addison's disease that had been managed for 1 year. A companion dog was seen 12 hours earlier chewing on the partially decomposed head of a goat that had been euthanized 47 days previously and buried on the owner's property. The dog was laterally recumbent, unresponsive to stimuli, and hypothermic on physical examination. Initial blood work revealed hyponatremia and hyperkalemia, with a Na/K ratio of 18.5. The dog was volume resuscitated and received an injection of dexamethasone sodium phosphate due to a suspected Addisonian crisis. Despite this treatment, the dog remained laterally recumbent and unresponsive to stimuli. A urine drug screen was performed and was positive for barbiturates. A diagnosis of barbiturate toxicosis secondary to ingestion of a euthanized goat carcass was made. The dog was treated supportively over 12 hours with IV fluids and activated charcoal. The dog was able to walk 11 hours after presentation and was subsequently discharged from the hospital.
New or Unique Information Provided – Urine drug testing is a fast, easy, and point-of-care test that may be useful in dogs to assist in the diagnosis of barbiturate intoxication. Proper disposal of euthanized animals is necessary to prevent toxicosis and possible death of companion animals and wildlife.     

胚胎毒理体外实验及雄性生殖毒理实验研究概述

寻找并建立简便、快捷、能真实准确的反映化学物质或药物对人类生殖健康危害程度的实验方法是目前国内外研究的热点,胚胎毒理体外实验及雄性生殖毒理实验是评价化学物质致畸的两种重要方法。本文主要介绍了这两种方法在评价化学物质危害性方面近几年国内外的研究应用及其利弊。     

斑马鱼在生命科学研究领域中的应用

综述了斑马鱼在发育遗传学、人类疾病模型及新药筛选、环境毒理学等方面的研究应用进展。     

Cytologic evaluation of bone marrow in rats: indications, methods, and normal morphology

Bone marrow examination is an important part of the evaluation of the hematopoietic system. In pharmaceutical and toxicological research, bone marrow evaluation can help determine the potential hematotoxicity or effects of new compounds on hematopoietic cells. The rat is a common research animal, and bone marrow evaluation often is performed in this species. The goal of this review is to provide clinical pathologists and researchers with an updated overview of bone marrow evaluation in rats as well as practical guidelines for methods and microscopic evaluation. Indications for bone marrow collection in a research setting, methods of collection and smear preparation, and unique morphologic features of rat bone marrow cells are discussed. A summary of published cell differential percentages for bone marrow from healthy rats and possible explanations for discrepancies in these values also are provided.     

Acute renal failure in dogs after the ingestion of grapes or raisins: a retrospective evaluation of 43 dogs (1992-2002)

A review of records from the AnTox database of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Animal Poison Control Center identified 43 dogs that developed increased blood urea nitrogen concentration, serum creatinine concentration, or both as well as clinical signs after ingesting grapes, raisins, or both. Clinical findings, laboratory findings, histopathological findings, treatments performed, and outcome were evaluated. All dogs vomited, and lethargy, anorexia, and diarrhea were other common clinical signs. Decreased urine output, ataxia, or weakness were associated with a negative outcome. High calcium x phosphorus product (Ca x P), hyperphosphatemia, and hypercalcemia were present in 95%, 90%, and 62% of the dogs in which these variables were evaluated. Extremely high initial total calcium concentration, peak total calcium concentration, initial Ca x P, and peak Ca x P were negative prognostic indicators. Proximal renal tubular necrosis was the most consistent finding in dogs for which histopathology was evaluated. Fifty-three percent of the 43 dogs survived, with 15 of these 23 having a complete resolution of clinical signs and azotemia. Although the mechanism of renal injury from grapes and raisins remains unclear, the findings of this study contribute to an understanding of the clinical course of acute renal failure that can occur after ingestion of grapes or raisins in dogs.