Pulmonary Edema Due to Oral Gavage in a Toxicological Study Related to Aquaporin-1, -4 and -5 Expression

A one-time oral gavage can be enough to cause of alveologenic edema with higher expression of AQP-1 and -4 than that with repeated-dose oral gavage, which caused both profound perivascular edema and hydrostatic pressure edema, while AQP-5 was similarly expressed. The alteration of AQPs expression was probably related to alveolar fluid clearance across the alveolar and bronchiolar epithelium in different stages of lung injury. The results clarified the type of lung edema in acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies without treatment related effect of tested material. The pathogenesis of pulmonary edema due to oral gavage toxicological study is associated with the cellular immune response to the reflux materials. Mast cell and leukocyte accumulation may contribute to increase vascular permeability leading to permeability edema. The increase in alveolar septum epithelium, perivascular and peribronchial cuffing, accumulation alveolar lipid containing macrophage and medial hyperplasia of the pulmonary artery might have been caused to increase airway resistance, which resulted in hydrostatic pressure edema.     

Is Apis mellifera more sensitive to insecticides than other insects?

BACKGROUND: Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are among the most important pollinators in natural and agricultural settings. They commonly encounter insecticides, and the effects of insecticides on honey bees have been frequently noted. It has been suggested that honey bees may be (as a species) uniquely sensitive to insecticides, although no comparative toxicology study has been undertaken to examine this claim. An extensive literature review was conducted, using data in which adult insects were topically treated with insecticides. The goal of this review was to summarize insecticide toxicity data between A. mellifera and other insects to determine the relative sensitivity of honey bees to insecticides. RESULTS: It was found that, in general, honey bees were no more sensitive than other insect species across the 62 insecticides examined. In addition, honey bees were not more sensitive to any of the six classes of insecticides (carbamates, nicotinoids, organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids and miscellaneous) examined. CONCLUSIONS: While honey bees can be sensitive to individual insecticides, they are not a highly sensitive species to insecticides overall, or even to specific classes of insecticides. However, all pesticides should be used in a way that minimizes honey bee exposure, so as to minimize possible declines in the number of bees and/or honey contamination. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

中草药千里光研究进展

中草药千里光具有清热解毒、明目退翳、杀虫止痒、散瘀消肿等功效,被用于广谱抗菌药物在临床上广泛使用。千里光含有肝毒性成分吡咯里西啶类生物碱,其存在的潜在风险受到普遍关注。文章对千里光的理化性质、化学成分、药理作用、毒理及实际应用等方面的最新研究进展进行了综述。     

食品毒理学实验教学中的几点体会

为提高食品毒理学实验教学水平,就食品毒理学实验教学中存在的问题提出了相应的改进措施,并对食品毒理学实验相应教学和科研提出了建议和展望。     

Lethal and sublethal effects of buprofezin and imidacloprid on Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), has become a major threat to agriculture worldwide. The development of insecticide resistance in B. tabaci has necessitated the exploration of new management tactics. The toxicity of imidacloprid and buprofezin to various life stages of B. tabaci was determined in the laboratory. Also, the sublethal effects of both insecticides were studied on demographic and biological parameters of B. tabaci. Both insecticides were very toxic against first stage larvae of the pest with LC₅₀ values of 1.0 and 19.3 ppm for buprofezin and imidacloprid, respectively. Toxicities decreased between successive stages (LC₅₀ values ranging from 1.0 to 2854.0 ppm). The LC₅₀ values of imidacloprid for adult males, females and eggs were 11.8, 71.6 and 151.0 ppm, respectively. Buprofezin had no significant effect on adults and eggs. The sublethal concentration of imidacloprid had no significant effect on demographic and biological parameters of B. tabaci but the maximal value for the mean generation time (T) (18.8 day) was observed in imidacloprid treatment. Buprofezin significantly decreased stable population and biological parameters of B. tabaci except it did not decrease the rate of population increase or the sex ratio of offspring.     

温度与光照对阿维菌素系列化合物毒力发挥的效应

系统研究了阿维菌素(avermectin)系列化合物在不同温度和光照下对小菜蛾的毒力效应.结果表明,该系列化合物对小菜蛾幼虫毒力在一定温度范围内符合正温度系数规律.阿巴菌素(abamectin)对小菜蛾幼虫的触杀毒力在16～28℃范围内提高了16倍左右,在22～28℃范围内增幅较大;依维菌素(ivermectin)在16～31℃范围内提高了19倍左右,并在22～25℃范围内增幅较大;埃玛菌素(emamectin)在16～31℃范围内提高了10倍左右.胃毒毒力结果表明,阿巴菌素在16～28℃范围内提高了30多倍;伊维菌素在16～31℃范围内提高了近40倍.另外,埃玛菌素表现出了极高的胃毒作用且随温度变化的幅度较大,其毒力在16～28℃范围内可提高1000倍以上.采用正交旋转组合设计方法研究表明,阿巴菌素对小菜蛾的毒力与浓度及施药后无光照时间有正交互关系,而与紫外光照时间和光照强度有负交互关系.     

扑草净对人体健康及水生环境的安全性评价

在水产养殖中,扑草净作为一种三嗪类除草剂被违规使用。近年来中国水产品扑草净残留频频被检出,甚至超过水产品进口国命令检查的基准值,影响了正常的水产品出口贸易。但目前水产品中扑草净的最大残留限量(MRL)未见报道,而较难降解的扑草净对水生环境存在安全隐患。以美国环境保护署(EPA)公布的扑草净相关报告为主要依据,文章分析了国内外扑草净残留的限量标准现状,详细介绍了扑草净对人体健康的安全性评价,阐述了扑草净对水生环境的生态毒理效应,并综述了水产品中扑草净的检测方法及其风险评估研究现状,以期引起广泛的关注和重视,并为把扑草净作为水产用药纳入国家标准目录及建立正常的水产品出口贸易秩序提供基础资料。