The use of tannic acid to remove adhesiveness from pikeperch, Sander lucioperca, eggs

The studies conducted in 2003–2004 focused on the possibilities of applying a tannic solution to remove adhesiveness from pikeperch eggs. Spawners were caught in Lake P?tnowskie (central Poland) and then transported to the Gos?awice Fish Farm. After initial selection, the fish were weighed, measured and stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin. Gametes were obtained 5 days after the first injection. The weight and diameter of the eggs, and the commercial fecundity of individual females were determined. The eggs were fertilized with the dry method. After the addition of water, the eggs were mixed for 4 min, and then divided into 20 g portions. After determining the number of eggs in the various portions, the adhesiveness removal procedure was performed. Three concentrations of tannic acid solution (500, 1000, 1500 mg L^?1) and three exposure times (0.5, 2, 5 min) were applied. The eggs were incubated in Weiss jars. The studies indicated that both the solution concentration and the exposure time significantly (P<0.05) impacted pikeperch egg hardening, the degree of adhesive removal and embryo survival. The tannic acid solution concentration of ≤500 mg L^?1 applied for 0.5–2 min was not effective; the eggs clumped and it was impossible to separate them even with intensive mixing. Better results were obtained using higher tannic acid concentrations and/or by lengthening exposure time. The adhesiveness of pikeperch eggs disappeared completely after 5 min exposure to tannic acid solution concentrations of 500–1500 mg L^?1 or after 2 min exposure to solution concentrations of 1000–1500 mg L^?1. In these variants, the embryo survival rate to the eyed‐egg stage was 78.0–84.0% (2003) and 82.3–84.7% (2004). However, high tannic acid concentration had a negative impact on the pikeperch larvae hatching. The greatest decrease in survival rate was observed in groups exposed to a tannic acid solution of 1500 mg L^?1 for 2 and 5 min periods. Thus, the optimum method for removing pikeperch egg adhesiveness was to apply a solution of tannic acid at a concentration of 500 mg L^?1 for 5 min or 1000 mg L^?1 for 2–5 min.     

五倍子末含量测定方法的研究

通过对五倍子末含量测定方法的研究,认为测定鞣质含量对该制剂进行质量控制不合适,采用《中华人民共和国兽药典》2005年版二部五倍子含量测定项下没食子酸含量测定的方法更为可行。     

不同来源单宁酸替代氧化锌对断奶仔猪生长性能、腹泻率和肠道形态的影响

试验旨在研究2种不同来源的水解单宁酸,栗木水解单宁酸(HCT)和五倍子水解单宁酸(HGT)对断奶仔猪的生长性能、腹泻率和肠道发育的影响。试验选用平均体重10 kg左右的"杜×长×大"三元杂交猪117头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复13头猪。对照组仔猪饲喂基础日粮+高锌(1600 g/t,以ZnO计),2个处理组在基础日粮中添加同一水平不同来源的HCT和HGT(以单宁酸计,折算后添加),试验期25 d。结果显示,HCT组和HGT组仔猪的平均日增重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。饲养1~2周,HCT组和HGT组仔猪的腹泻率极显著高于对照组(P<0.01),第3周后,各组仔猪腹泻率差异不显著(P>0.05)。HCT组和HGT组仔猪的空肠黏膜厚度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,添加HCT和HGT均能改善仔猪的生长性能,对采食量的影响不大,HCT对仔猪腹泻率的控制效果优于HGT,且可改善仔猪肠道发育和肠黏膜功能。     

代乳粉添加单宁酸对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道发育的影响

目的 观察代乳粉中添加单宁酸对7—28日龄湖羊羔羊胃肠道生长发育的影响。方法 选择同质性好的7日龄湖羊公羔（双羔）30只,随机分为2组,每组15只,每只1个重复,分别饲喂对照代乳粉或单宁酸含量为0.2%的代乳粉,试验期21 d。羔羊28日龄时饲养试验结束,每组随机选择8只羔羊进行屠宰,分离胃室和肠段,分别称量各胃室和各肠段净质量以及含内容物质量,并量取各肠段的长度,计算各胃室和各肠段的相对质量和相对长度及内容物分布。肠道组织形态学和上皮细胞凋亡率用皱胃胃底腺区及十二指肠、空肠和回肠中段的组织样品测定。肠道屏障功能相关的闭锁蛋白（occludin）、闭锁小带1（zonula occludens-1,ZO-1）和紧密连接蛋白1（claudin 1）mRNA表达量用采集的十二指肠、空肠和回肠黏膜测定。结果 除十二指肠指数（%活体质量,P=0.012）和相对质量（%全肠质量,P=0.034;%全胃肠质量,P=0.017）、空肠和结肠相对长度（%全肠长度,P=0.030,P=0.004）及结肠内容物分布（%活体质量,P=0.039）外,单宁酸对羔羊胃肠指数（%活体质量）、胃肠相对质量（%全胃质量、%全肠质量和%全胃肠质量）、肠道相对长度（%全肠长度）、内容物相对质量（%活体质量）、胃肠内容物相对总胃/肠内容物及总胃肠内容物相对质量（%总胃内容物、总肠内容物、总胃肠内容物）以及小肠claudin 1蛋白mRNA表达量均没有产生显著影响（P＞0.05）,但显著提高羔羊十二指肠肌层厚度并降低绒毛宽度（P=0.013,P=0.001）,显著上调空肠ZO-1蛋白mRNA表达量（P=0.003）,此外,单宁酸有上调羔羊空肠occludin蛋白mRNA表达量并降低空肠绒毛宽度和隐窝深度以及空肠和回肠上皮细胞凋亡率的趋势（P=0.077,P=0.073,P=0.062,P=0.097,P=0.052）。结论 单宁酸显著降低7—28日龄湖羊羔羊十二指肠相对质量和空肠相对长度,但可通过提高十二指肠肌层厚度、上调空肠ZO-1蛋白和occludin蛋白mRNA表达量并降低空肠隐窝深度及空肠和回肠上皮细胞凋亡率来改善肠屏障功能。     

Effects of dietary crude protein and tannic acid on nitrogen excretion,urinary nitrogenous composition and urine nitrous oxide emissions in beef cattle

Two consecutive trials were carried out to study the effects of dietary crude protein (CP) and tannic acid (TA) on nitrogen (N) metabolism of beef cattle and consequently, the N₂O emissions from the urine of cattle. In Trial I, eight growing castrated cattle were used as the experimental animals. Two levels of dietary CP (110.6 and 135.7 g/kg dry matter [DM]) and two levels of TA (0 and 16.9 g/kg DM) were allocated in a replicated 2 × 2 crossover design. In Trial II, the N₂O emissions from the urine of cattle collected from Trial I were determined using the static incubation technique. An interaction between dietary CP and TA on the urinary N excretion (p < .05) was found but not on the N₂O‐N emission of cattle urine. Increasing dietary CP level from 110.6 g/kg DM to 135.7 g/kg DM increased the total N excretion (p < .001), the N retention (p < .05) and the ratio of urinary urea‐N/urinary N (p < .01), did not affect the N use efficiency (NUE; p > .05) and shifted the N excretion from faeces to urine. Increasing the dietary CP level increased the N₂O‐N emission of cattle urine. Dietary addition of TA decreased the urinary excretions of urea (p < .001) and shifted the N excretion from urine to faeces, did not affect the NUE of beef cattle (p > .10), and decreased the N₂O‐N emission of cattle urine. Pyrogallol and resorcinol of the TA metabolites were detected in urine with dietary addition of TA. Feeding beef cattle with relatively low CP level and adding TA in rations are effective approaches to mitigate the N₂O‐N emissions from cattle urine.     

Distribution of bioactive compounds in maize fractions obtained in two different types of large scale milling processes

Maize kernels contain different bioactive compounds that are important for human health. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of the bioactive compounds in maize fractions derived from two industrial dry-milling processes, characterized by a dry-degermination (DD) system and a tempering-degermination (TD) system.The bioactive compounds in maize resulted unevenly distributed in the milling fractions of the kernel. By-products such as the germ and the animal feed flour, had higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total polyphenol content (TPC) and total dietary fibre content (TDF) than the whole grains, while xanthophyll and resistant starch resulted to be higher in the fractions derived from the vitreous endosperm. The germ fraction showed also the highest folate content. Results also showed that the type of degermination process influences the bioactive compound contents in the milling fraction, in accordance to the effectiveness of the germ and bran removal from the endosperm fractions. In particular, the animal feed flour obtained by means of TD system resulted in a higher TAC, TPC and TDF than the same fraction obtained by means of the DD system. Conversely, the extraction rate do not affect the recovery of bioactive components in particular fractions.     

花饮料中沉淀成分的分析

为了解花饮料中化学沉淀的本质 ,寻求防止花饮料产生沉淀的方法和措施 ,试验对复合花饮料生产中所用的浸提液、多道过滤液及成品中可能导致沉淀的蛋白质、单宁、果胶及矿质元素等成分进行了跟踪分析。结果表明 ,引起花饮料产生沉淀的主要成分是蛋白质、单宁和果胶 ,且蛋白质、单宁、果胶的沉淀具有明显相关性 ,而小分子有机物和矿物质不会引起花饮料产生沉淀 ;在浸提时加入 0 .15 g/ kg蛋白酶、0 .2 5 g/ kg果胶酶 ,可使蛋白质和果胶彻底分解 ;在浸提液中加入 0 .6 0 g/ kg聚乙烯吡咯烷酮可去除单宁 ,同时结合超滤可充分防止花饮料产生沉淀。     

添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量的影响

本试验以精料、青干草和单宁酸作为发酵底物,研究添加不同水平单宁酸对绵羊体外发酵参数和甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率的影响,以期为体内试验筛选适宜的单宁酸浓度,为富含单宁的粗饲料资源应用于反刍动物日粮配制及减少反刍动物养殖过程种甲烷排放提供科学依据。采用体外批次培养法开展研究,发酵底物为精料、青干草和单宁酸,设置底物的精粗比为3∶7。根据单宁酸添加量分为6组,单宁酸添加量分别为0、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、3.0%,发酵时间设置为3、6、12和24 h,每个处理3个重复,测定各培养时间pH、氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）浓度、总产气量、甲烷产量、干物质和粗蛋白质降解率。结果显示,培养至3 h时,1.0%和2.0%单宁酸添加组pH显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,其他时间点各组pH无显著差异（P>0.05）;1.0%、2.0%和3.0%单宁酸添加组NH₃-N浓度显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;培养至6和24 h时,各处理组NH₃-N浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。培养至6 h时,2.0%单宁酸添加组乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;培养至24 h时,1.0%、1.5%和3.0%单宁酸添加组的丙酸、丁酸和总VFA浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;各单宁酸添加组4个时间点丙酸、丁酸、总VFA浓度的平均值均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。培养至12、24 h时,各处理组总产气量与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）;培养至12 h时,2.0%组甲烷产量显著低于对照组、0.5%组和1.0%组（P<0.05）;培养至24 h时,2.0%和3.0%组的甲烷产量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。因此,添加单宁酸会显著降低体外发酵的NH₃-N浓度,抑制VFA的产量,添加1.5%、2.0%的单宁酸能够显著降低瘤胃发酵甲烷产量,添加单宁酸的处理组粗蛋白质降解率显著低于对照组。     

柿果脱涩工艺过程中单宁细胞形态的变化

用光学显微镜对涩柿、半脱涩柿和脱涩柿进行观察,发现未脱涩的柿果肉中单宁细胞呈可溶性絮液状,半脱涩柿单宁细胞呈粒浆状,已脱涩的熟柿单宁缩合凝固成颗粒状,同时又观察了复涩与不复涩的罐藏柿果果肉中单宁细胞的形态。复涩果肉单宁细胞由粒块状变为粒块絮液状。     

没食子单宁降解菌株的筛选及发酵条件优化

通过平板涂布、划线分离、菌落观察等方法,从土耳其倍子提取液自然生长的菌落中分离纯化出11株菌,从中初筛出1#、2#、4#这3株降解没食子单宁的菌株,复筛出1株没食子单宁优良降解菌株1#菌,其没食子单宁降解率达65%以上,发酵液中没食子酸质量浓度为0.052 3 g/L,单宁酶活为0.920 U/mL;对1#菌株的发酵条件进行了响应面法优化,结果表明:1#菌最佳产酶条件为培养温度31℃,初始培养基pH值5.0,最适培养时间50 h,在该条件下1#菌单宁酶酶活可达1.170 U/mL,与优化前的最大酶活0.920 U/mL相比,提高了27.2%。