不同耕作措施下秸秆还田土壤CO2排放与溶解性有机碳的动态变化及其关系

田间定位试验开始于2008年,共设置秸秆还田翻耕(CT+)、无秸秆翻耕(CT-)、秸秆还田免耕(NT+)和无秸秆免耕(NT-)四个处理。利用静态箱——气相色谱法,测定分析了2010—2011年度和2012—2013年度两个小麦生长季内土壤CO2排放、土壤DOC含量及土壤有机质含量的动态变化。结果表明:两个小麦生长季内土壤CO2排放规律基本一致,从当年小麦出苗到越冬土壤CO2排放量下降,第二年小麦返青后,土壤CO2排放量开始上升,到开花期达到排放高峰,其后开始下降直至小麦成熟。各处理2010-2011年、2012—2013年度土壤CO2平均排放通量分别为:CT+246.44、273.94 mg·m-2·h-1,CT-183.54、212.57 mg·m-2·h-1,NT+188.41、200.06 mg·m-2·h-1,NT-179.66、179.10 mg·m-2·h-1。土壤DOC含量的动态变化表现为在一定范围内上下波动,各处理2010—2011年、2012—2013度年土壤DOC平均含量分别为:CT+0.601、0.467 g·kg-1;CT-0.530、0.377 g·kg-1;NT+0.621、0.544 g·kg-1;NT-0.528、0.402 g·kg-1。方差分析表明,秸秆还田能增加土壤CO2排放、DOC含量和有机质含量;翻耕能增加土壤CO2排放,对DOC含量和有机质含量无显著影响;免耕减少土壤CO2排放,对DOC含量无显著影响,能增加土壤有机质含量。相关分析表明,土壤CO2排放与DOC含量动态变化没有显著相关关系,土壤CO2排放总量与土壤有机质含量正相关,DOC含量和土壤有机质含量无明显相关关系。     

Low-protein supplement increases protein retention and reduces the amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus wasted by rainbow trout fed on low-fat herring

The growth, food utilization and amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus lost into the water by rainbow trout (initial size 485 g) fed on low-fat Baltic herring and supplemented with a low-protein dry diet fed separately were studied in an 18-week net cage trial. Similarly to balancing protein and nonprotein energy in full diets, giving nonprotein energy in different feeds several hours apart improved the protein retention of low-fat herring to a level comparable to a commercially available dry diet control. The amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus lost into the water were also reduced to the same extent. The losses from the plain herring-feeding were twice as high. The improved protein retention and reduced nutrient losses were accompanied by 15–25% reductions in growth of the fish compared with the control dry diet. The growth of the fish fed on plain herring was 14% lower than the growth on the dry diet control.     

Different combinations of protein ingredients in carp diets for reducing phosphorus loading

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to gather data on the reduction of environmental phosphorus (P) loading through the formulation of carp diets with different combinations of protein ingredients. Five experimental diets were formulated by substituting fishmeal (FM; 10–20%) with alternative protein sources such as meat meal (MM; 5–15%), blood meal (BM; 5–7%), and defatted soybean meal (dSBM; 6–10%). The control diet used was a commercial carp diet selected based on earlier experiments. Each diet was fed to duplicate groups of juvenile carp three times a day, until satiation for 12 weeks. Feed performance was proportional to the increase in dietary FM levels. Phosphorus absorption ranged between 41.6% and 52.0% among the experimental groups and was 42.6% for the control group, but there were no marked differences in nitrogen (N) absorption rates. Phosphorus retention ranged from 31.4% to 35.7% for the test diets, whereas N retention increased proportionally with dietary FM levels and ranged from 34.7% to 41.7%. The P and N retention values of the control diet were 27.6% and 41.2%, respectively. The total P loading (T-P) increased at the higher FM levels (9.1–10.7 kg/t production), whereas lower FM levels produced higher total N loading (T-N, 34.6–43.1 kg/t production), the figures for the control being 13.9 T-P kg/t production and 35.6 T-N kg/t production. These results indicate that the reduction of FM levels to 10–20% by replacing it with MM, BM, and dSBM in carp diets was effective in reducing the loading of P and N.     

Using Static and Dynamic Indicators to Evaluate Soil Physical Quality in a Sicilian Area

Both capacitive indicators derived from the water retention curve and dynamic measurements of the flow‐weighted mean pore radius, R₀, were used to assess the soil physical quality of two agricultural areas (cropland and olive orchard) and two natural areas (grassland and managed woodlot plantation) potentially subject to soil degradation. The overall idea of the study was to investigate whether a dynamic indicator quantitatively derived from hydraulic conductivity measurements could be used to supplement the traditionally applied capacitive indicators retrieved from water retention measurements. According to the available criteria, only the surface layer of the cropland site showed optimal soil physical quality. In the grassland and woodlot sites, the physical quality was deteriorated also as a consequence of compaction because of grazing. Overall, the physical quality was better in tilled than nontilled soils. The optimal soil in terms of capacitive indicators had hydraulic conductivity close to saturation that was intermediate among the different land uses, and it remained 1·3–1·9 times higher than that observed in the natural sites even when the largest pores emptied. A depth effect on R₀ was observed only when larger macropores were activated. It was suggested that water transmission parameters are more affected by changes in large pore domain. The plant available water content and Dexter's S‐index showed inverse statistically significant regressions with R₀. The empirical relationships were physically convincing given that, at increasing R₀, the contribution of macropores increases, water is transmitted faster below the root zone and the soil's ability to store water is reduced. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

软质小麦品质性状与酥性饼干品质参数的关系研究

选用我国17份软质小麦品种（系）在3点种植2年，研究软质小麦品质性状与酥性饼干品质的关系，探讨优质饼干品种的筛选指标。结果表明，粉质仪和拉伸仪参数与饼干品质的相关系数较小；吹泡仪弹性、吹泡仪弹性/延伸性、碱水保持力（AWRC）、碳酸钠溶剂保持力（SRC）和蔗糖SRC与饼干直径关系密切，相关系数分别为－0.79、－0.75     

太行山前平原土壤水分特征曲线拟合参数的确定

本文分别用BrooksandCorey ,vanGenuchten和Broadbridge White模型拟合了太行山山前平原不同层次土壤水分特征曲线 (SWC) ,并用Mualem和Burdine模型计算了土壤非饱和导水率(K)和扩散率 (D)。最能较好计算实验地点D和K的方法是用vanGenuchten模型拟和SWC(约束条件m =1- 2 /n) ,用Burdine方法计算K和D。     

CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂的缓释和保水性能

【研究目的】以壳聚糖(CTS)、丙烯酸(AA)和腐殖酸钠(SH)为原料，在水溶液中通过接枝共聚反应合成壳聚糖接枝聚丙烯酸/腐殖酸钠(CTS-g-PAA/SH)高吸水性树脂；【方法】考察CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂在不同浓度盐溶液中的溶胀行为、反复吸水性能、SH的缓释性能和在土壤中的实际保水效果；【结果】在SH含量为10%时，CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂在蒸馏水和生理盐水中的吸水倍率分别达到183g/g和41g/g；CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂具有较好的反复吸水性能；与CTS-g-PAA相比，含有1.0%CTS-g-PAA/SH树脂的沙土，20d后仍然具有6.75%的保水率；SH能与AA发生聚合反应，形成网络结构，当SH含量超过30%时，过量的SH是以物理填充方式存在于高吸水性树脂的交联网络中，且容易释放；【结论】SH能改善CTS-g-PAA的吸水性，CTS-g-PAA/SH高吸水性树脂不仅可降低产品成本，而且还具有缓释腐殖酸的功能。     

HRT Effects on Biological Nutrient Removal in Spiral Up-flow Reactor System

Overall effects of HRT ( 11 h, 9 h, 8 h, 6 h ) on the Spiral up-flow reactor (SUFR) system are analyzed. The results of the operation under different HRT condition shows that the removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP decreased not obviously with decreasing HRT when HRT is longer than 8h. Anaerobic retention time, anoxic retention time and aerobic retention time were 1.51 h,2.25 h and 4.24 h,respectively. The removal efficiencies of COD, TN and TP is kept over 93%,87% and 90.2%, respectively. Although the removal efficiencies changed obviously when the HRT was 6 h. Anaerobic retention time, anoxic retention time and aerobic retention time are 1.13 h,1.69 h and 3.18 h,respectively. COD-removal efficiency is always up to 85%, the removal efficiencies of TN and TP is kept over 76% and 72%,also has upper removal efficiencies. It is indicated that the SUFR system, which is similar to plug-flow-reactor, has strong stability and can compensate negative effects of increasing hydraulic loading.     

Selection for pod retention and pod indehiscence in lentils

Summary The genetic variation for seed yield losses and the response to selection for reduction of such losses was studied by a six-week delay in the timing of harvest in various segregating populations from four lentil crosses. The bulk segregating populations had previously been subjected to different numbers of selection by means of a delayed harvest. The loss in seed yield from a delayed harvest in the two seasons 1981/82 and 1982/83 accounted for 551 and 105 kg/ha seed, representing 34 and 11% of the yield from a correctly timed harvest respectively. Pod drop accounted for 65% of this loss, whereas dehiscence gave 35% of the loss in both seasons. The parents of cross 4 differed significantly for pod dehiscence, with genotype 74TA 550 showing relative indehiscence. Selection by means of a delayed harvest of bulk populations decreased pod dehiscence, mean seed weight and bulk mean yield.