重庆武陵山片区特产的地理标志与文化遗产

武陵山片区是我国未来十年扶贫攻坚主战场之一。重庆武陵山片区传统特产的地理标志知识产权、非物质文化遗产、物质文化遗产保护现状及其今后的发展对策,是改变武陵山片区贫穷面貌需要解决的首要问题。笔者建议:①加强申报传统名优特产地理标志知识产权保护;②尽快建立各种国家地理标志特产的国家质量标准;③鼓励使用各种地理标志专用标志;④加强传统特产的传统技艺类、传统美术类非物质文化遗产保护;⑤实施传统特产地理标志知识产权与文化遗产的多重保护;⑥发展与繁荣传统特产相关的文化产业;⑦加强地理标志特产的农村扶贫开发。完成这7个方面的改进工作,重庆武陵山片区的面貌将换新颜。     

锯末成型棒的气化试验研究

采用下吸式生物质气化炉机组,以空气为气化剂进行了锯末成型棒的气化试验研究。以气体热值和气化效率作为气化指标,考察了当量比(ER)、还原区温度和原料含水率的影响。结果表明,在ER为0.27时,气体热值达6.38 MJ.m-3,气化效率达73.62%,气化指标最好;还原区温度越高气化效果越好,在还原区温度为880℃时,气体热值达7.10 MJ.m-3,气化效率达74.60%;当原料含水率为6.05%时,燃气热值和气化效率达到最大,分别为6.62MJ.m-3和74.94%。     

稻草浆蒸煮同步除硅降低黑液黏度技术

在蒸煮稻草的过程中,分别加入氧化铝、氧化镁、氧化钙,使其同溶出的硅发生反应生成某种物质留在纤维中,以减少黑液中硅质量分数,降低黑液黏度,消除或降低"硅干扰"。结果表明:加入3%～5%除硅剂后,黑液中硅质量分数降低,最大降幅达84.39%;黑液黏度最大下降幅度为16.7%,而纸浆中硅质量分数有大幅度提升。     

气象服务新农村之浅谈

通过对当前农村的气象服务产品的需求、气象信息传输渠道、科普教育宣传、防雷安全等方面存在的问题进行分析,提出气象和相关部门以及各级政府切实解决农村气象服务存在问题的对策和建议。     

获嘉县气象灾害风险区划

根据气象灾害的发生次数、发生地点及当地的耕地面积、人口密度和当地居民的经济状况等,利用ARCGIS软件插值法进行各种因子的风险区划,得出风险区划图,可为防灾、减灾以及灾害评估提供重要依据,也是当地政府及相关部门做防御决策的一项重要依据。     

甘肃省碳排放变化的因素分解及实证分析

研究我国能源消费碳排放变化特征以及主要影响因素的作用机理,有助于提高节能减排政策制定的科学性和可操作性。基于扩展的Kaya恒等式,建立因素分解模型,应用LMDI分解方法,综合分析经济产出规模、人口规模、产业结构、能源强度和能源结构等因素变化对甘肃省1995-2009年各部门终端能源碳排放变化的影响。结果表明：经济规模持续扩大是甘肃省碳排放快速增长的决定性因素。在各产业部门中,工业的快速发展是碳排放增长的主要拉动者,其次是交通邮电和仓储运输业、农业。人口规模扩大和产业结构调整是碳排放增长的次要拉动者。抑制碳排放增长的主要因素是能源强度下降和能源结构变化。最后,针对实证结果提出了相应的节能减排政策建议。     

Bait aggregation to reduce cost and toxin use in aerial 1080 baiting of small mammal pests in New Zealand

BACKGROUND: The metabolic toxin sodium fluoroacetate (‘compound 1080’) is widely used for controlling introduced mammalian pests in New Zealand. For large-scale operations, 1080 is distributed aerially in bait to kill brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) and ship rats (Rattus rattus L.). While usually successful in reducing pest populations by > 80%, widespread distribution of toxic bait is relatively expensive and raises concerns from some members of the public. Here, trials with spatial aggregation of baits in forested habitats were conducted to determine whether this can reduce toxin usage while maintaining operational efficacy. RESULTS: When 1080 baits were aggregated into clusters (by hand sowing) or into strips (by precision aerial deployment), indices of possum relative abundance were reduced by 92–100%, compared with 73–100% reductions using conventional aerial broadcasting, while all methods reduced relative abundance indices of rats by 88% or greater. Radio tracking indicated a kill rate of > 90% against possums, regardless of bait distribution method. CONCLUSIONS: Simply by modifying bait distribution patterns, spatial aggregation can be used to maintain the high encounter rate of pests with 1080 bait that is necessary for operational efficacy, while reducing current toxin usage by up to 80%. Aggregated bait delivery could have relevance for other mammalian pest control scenarios internationally. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Dynamics of carbon and nitrogen in an extreme alkaline saline soil: A review

The soil of the former lake Texcoco is an ‘extreme’ alkaline saline soil with pH > 10 and electrolytic conductivity (EC) > 150 dS m⁻¹. These conditions have created a unique environment. Application of wastewater sludge to Texcoco soil showed that large amounts of NH₄⁺ were immobilized, NO₃⁻ was reduced aerobically, NO₂⁻ was formed and the mineralization of the organic material in the sludge was inhibited. A series of experiments were initiated to study the processes that inhibited the decomposition of organic material and affected the dynamics of mineral N. The large EC and pH inhibited the decomposition of easily decomposable organic material such as glucose and maize, although cellulolytic activity was observed in soil with pH 9.8 and EC 32.7 dS m⁻¹. The high soil pH favoured NH₃ volatilization of approximately 50 mg N kg⁻¹ soil within a day and a similar amount could be fixed on the soil matrix due to the dispersed minerals and their volcanic origin. Soil microorganisms immobilized large amounts of NH₄⁺ within a day when glucose was added to soil in excess of what was required for metabolic activity. Removal of NO₃⁻ from soil amended with glucose was not inhibited by 100% O₂ and NH₄⁺ indicating that the contribution of denitrification and assimilatory reduction to the reduction of NO₃⁻ was minimal while the formation of NO₂⁻ was not inhibited by 0.1% acetylene, known to inhibit nitrification. Additionally, the reduction of NO₃⁻ in the glucose-amended alkaline saline Texcoco soil was followed by an increase in the amount of NH₄⁺, which could not be due to denitrification. It was concluded that the reduction of NO₃⁻ and the formation of NO₂⁻ and NH₄⁺ in the glucose-amended soil was a result of aerobic NO₃⁻ reduction. A phylogenetic analysis of the archaeal community in the soil of the former lake Texcoco showed that some of the clones identified were capable of reducing NO₃⁻ aerobically to NO₂⁻ when glucose was added. A study of the diversity of the bacterial dissimilatory and respiratory nitrate-reducing communities indicated that bacteria could have contributed to the process.     

加工工艺参数对水产颗粒料耐水性的影响

试验研究了原料粉碎粒度、调质温度、后熟化时间、入模水分和环模压缩比五个因素对水产颗粒料耐水性的影响。结果表明:①通常鱼用饲料的粉碎粒度过40目(0.425mm)≥95%、调质温度控制在85℃以上、原料入模水分在14%～16%、后熟化时间为10～15min,环模压缩比在15左右为宜;②河蟹配合颗粒饲料的粉碎粒度过80目≥90%、调质温度控制在80～90℃、原料入模水分在17%～20%、后熟化时间在20～30min、环模压缩比在18～20为宜;③对虾配合颗粒饲料的粉碎粒度过80目≥90%、调质温度控制在80～90℃、原料入模水分在17%～20%、后熟化时间在20～30min、环模压缩比在18～22为宜。     

Reducing poverty in sub-Saharan Africa through investments in water and other priorities

Water resources are essential to human development processes and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals that seek, inter alia, to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, achieve universal literacy, and ensure environmental sustainability. Expanding irrigation is essential to increase agricultural production, which is needed to achieve economic development and attain food security in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Water resources and irrigated agriculture are not developed to their full potential. Currently less than 4% of renewable water resources in Africa are withdrawn for agriculture. Barriers include the lack of financial and human resources to build irrigation and related rural infrastructure and acquire agricultural technology, and inadequate access to markets. This constrains progress towards poverty reduction. We examine the linkages between agricultural water, education, markets and rural poverty through a review of published studies. We argue that, linking agricultural water, education, and market interventions, which are so often implemented separately, would generate more effective poverty reduction and hunger eradication programs. Investments in agricultural water management and complementary rural infrastructure and related policies are the pathways to break the poverty trap in smallholder African agriculture.