Environmental services and poverty reduction: Options for smallholders in the Sahel

Environmental service provision is increasingly discussed as a potential new venue for the simultaneous pursuit of development and natural resource conservation objectives, particularly among landowners in the low-income tropics. To date, most of the experience with such market-regulated mechanisms comes from water and forest projects in Latin America. Preliminary evidence suggests that participation of, and benefits to, small-scale land users are highly unequal and that the synergistic goals of poverty reduction and resource conservation through these emerging market mechanisms might be overly ambitious. This paper assesses the possibility of pro-poor environmental service provision through carbon sequestration among smallholders in the Sahel. It focuses on a case study in the small-scale, rain-fed agricultural systems of the Old Peanut Basin of Senegal. Based on a conceptual framework including economic, institutional, policy and livelihood factors, it assesses to the extent to which specific groups of farmers are able or willing to participate in and benefit from potential carbon offset programs. Finally, the paper stresses the need for adequate and equitable financial support and a careful rethinking of the institutional structures necessary to enhance rural livelihoods and natural resource management in drylands, with or without market-based environmental service programs.     

折减系数在边坡中的应用

选择边坡内某些监测点的位移特征作为强度折减法的边坡破坏判据.为分析边坡滑面的位置和位移方式选取的合理性,分别对均质土坡建立数值模型,计算结果与实地调查相吻合.     

Can carbon sequestration markets benefit low-income producers in semi-arid Africa? Potentials and challenges

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change allows a country that emits C above agreed-upon limits to purchase C offsets from an entity that uses biological means to absorb or reduce greenhouse emissions. The CDM is currently offered for afforestation and reforestation projects, but may apply subsequently to sequestration in agricultural soils. Additionally, markets outside of the Protocol are developing for soil C sequestration.     

Iron uptake in a bicarbonate-resistant cell line of tobacco

Abstract

In alkaline soils, plant growth is impaired mainly by high pH and high concentration of bicarbonates. The bicarbonate concentration increases the pH value, and causes deficiency of iron. A bicarbonate-resistant cell line (BR line) of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Burley21) was selected by adding excess bicarbonate ions (20 mmol L^?1) to the culture medium. The pH of the medium was buffered 8.0 to 8.3. Under these conditions, about 80% of iron in the medium became insoluble. However, under such conditions, the BR line grew well. In this report, we examined some characteristics of the growth and iron uptake in the BR line under iron-deficient (i.e. high pH or no-iron) condition. At pH 5.8, the Fe³⁺ reduction activity was not significantly different between the non-selected line and the BR line. At pH 8.0, however, the Fe³⁺ reduction activity of the BR line was higher than that of the non-selected line. In no-iron condition, the growth of the non-selected line was markedly reduced after 2 weeks, while the BR line was not affected. The content of malic acid in both lines increased with the medium pH, and the content in the BR line was higher than that in the non-selected line. The BR line was able to adapt to the conditions, which restricted iron uptake, such as high bicarbonate concentration, high pH, and low iron conditions. The high ability of Fe³⁺ reduction was maintained at even high pH conditions. Further, the BR line may be able to improve the utilization of iron in the cells.     

我国农业机械能耗现状分析及节能减排技术

现代农业必须依靠机械化才能实现大面积作业和规模化生产。农业机械的高油耗、效率低严重制约了农业的机械化进程。为此,通过对目前我国农机高耗能现状的分析,并与国外农机耗能进行比较,找出农机高耗能的原因,提出相应的措施以解决农机节能减排问题。     

聚合物类型降凝剂及其应用

在原油中添加降凝剂，可以降低原油凝点，改善原油低温流动性，以利于实现含蜡原油管常温输送。聚合物类型的降凝剂可分为均聚物和共聚物两类，分别介绍了近几年国内外常用的聚合物类型降凝剂的合成方法、化学结构式和应用情况。     

Susceptibility to IVM in a field strain of Haemonchus contortus subjected to four treatments in a closed sheep-goat flock in Kenya

Susceptibility to IVM (IVM) of “strain A” Haemonchus contortus which had been exposed to IVM four times over a 2-year period was compared to IVM susceptibility of “strain C” H. contortus which had no prior field exposure to IVM, by in vivo and in vitro methods. In vivo, the percentage reduction in faecal egg counts (FEC) and the total worm counts (TWC) were compared between control animals (lambs and kids) and animals treated with low dose IVM (20 μg/kg). In vitro susceptibility to IVM was evaluated by larval migration inhibition (LMI) after the two strains of H. contortus were exposed to different concentrations of IVM. The dose response, measured as the proportion of larvae inhibited from migrating, was used to estimate LD₅₀. Although differences in response to IVM in the in vivo determinations were not significant, “strain A” H. contortus had a significantly higher LD₅₀ than “strain C” in the LMI assay. Coincident with the conduct of the in vivo experiment, it was observed that “strain A” H. contortus established and survived better than “strain C” in the control lambs.     

双重排水条件下控制措施对银南灌区水稻田水盐关系的影响分析

针对宁夏银南灌区目前存在的排水过量问题,研究者提出了利用控制排水措施,在适当时段减少排水量的建议。然而,灌区在农沟以及更深层的支、干沟及黄河(低地)的影响下,受着深层排水和浅层排水的双重作用。其中深层排水一般不会受到田间措施的影响,它的存在“淡化或中和”了由于浅层排水的减少引起的田间含盐量的增加。本文在对双重排水情况下的水盐运动进行概化的基础上,建立了基于特定地区排水特性的“浅层排水与深层排水比-浅层排水控制率-排水含盐量增加率”的关系。最后结合根据地下水洗淋的临界情况,确定了达到这一目标控制指标以及浅层地下水控制率。结果显示,对于研究的典型情况,当地下水的盐分含量达到临界的1.62 g/l时,可以将1m深的农沟控制至30cm深;这时的浅层地下水仅为现状的14%,即从731mm减少到了102mm。     

新疆棉花生长中期低温冷害指标的初步研究

分析不同棉区严重气候减产年的地膜棉花中期发育进程、气象条件以及夏季(6～8月)冷害年对新疆棉花产量的影响.结果表明:当石河子棉区6月平均气温距平≤-0.5 ℃,阿克苏、喀什棉区5～6月气温持续偏低且月气温距平均≤-0.5 ℃时,棉花的开花日期滞后,其中喀什棉区棉花开花期比常年晚5天以上、石河子棉区和阿克苏棉区晚3天以上,这就出现了一般气候减产年.或当6～8月中至少有2个月的月气温为负距平、且6～8月的平均气温距平在0～-0.4 ℃之间时,3大棉区中近70%的年份可能出现一般气候减产年;而当6～8月的温度距平均为负值,且其平均气温距平≤-0.5 ℃时,3大棉区70%以上的年份可能出现严重的气候减产年.     

稻水象甲幼虫发生程度对水稻生长发育及产量损失的影响

稻水象甲幼虫为害水稻根后,导致水稻植株矮缩、发黄、分蘖减少甚至死苗,造成水稻严重减产,本文对稻水象甲发生程度对水稻生长发育及产量损失的影响进行研究。