路灯照射对大豆生长发育和产量的影响

通过对淮北五马路沿线夏大豆的田间调查分析表明：受路灯照射的影响，夏大豆株高增加，开花期、成熟期推迟，底荚部位上升，单株生产力下降。且距离越近，植株越高，开花、成熟越晚，底荚部位越高，单株生产力越低。     

SHK-6对不同群体下大豆花荚脱落及其产量的调控

以"冀豆12"为材料,在大田条件下通过在初花期对不同群体大豆施用SHK-6,研究了植物生长调节剂SHK-6对不同群体条件下大豆产量及其构成因素的调控作用.结果表明:SHK-6能够明显的提高各个群体下的大豆产量(8.0%),在密度水平为30株/m2的条件下施用SHK-6产量达到最高.调节剂SHK一6能够提高单株花数(13.0%)、荚数(14.8%)、粒数(10.9%)、荚重(16.4%)、粒重(12.3%),并且能够提高百粒重(2.4%)、粒茎比(15.0%).虽然SHK-6处理也增加不同密度水平下的花荚脱落数,但对脱落率没有影响.SHK-6能够降低叶面积指数(LAI)、提高下层叶片的光截获率(群体透光率)和下层叶片的叶绿素的含量.可见冠层结构的优化是导致产量提高的根本原因.     

矮秆大豆突变体叶片和豆荚生理特性的初步分析

经NaN3诱变获得大豆矮秆突变体HK808,对其豆荚和叶片生理特性及其与原品种"东农42"的比较研究表明:HK808叶片的叶绿素含量比野生型低,但叶绿素a/b比值变化不大;豆荚的叶绿素含量较其对应叶片的含量低,且野生型的含量略高于突变体。开花结荚后突变体叶片蛋白质含量、SOD活性逐渐升高,脯氨酸含量下降,且蛋白质和脯氨酸含量都低于东农42;突变体的SOD活性高于东农42;野生型的MDA含量在鼓粒期以后增高,即结荚后期突变体叶片防御自由基伤害能力强。豆荚的蛋白质、脯氨酸含量都与叶片的变化规律基本相同,即前者不断增加,后者不断下降,且豆荚蛋白质和脯氨酸含量都低于叶片;HK808豆荚的蛋白质含量比其野生型高。豆荚的MDA含量比叶片低,且东农42豆荚的MDA含量略高于HK808,豆荚的SOD活性呈下降趋势,但比东农42叶片的活性高,表明豆荚的抗氧化能力比东农42的叶片强。     

广东花生果腐病病原菌鉴定及药剂筛选试验

【目的】鉴定广东花生果腐病病原菌类型并筛选有效的杀菌剂种类,为生产上防控该病害提供参 考。【方法】采用组织分离法从大田采集的患病花生果荚中分离获得果腐病的真菌纯培养物,回接验证分离菌 株的致病性后确认其病原,通过克隆菌株的 ITS 序列并进行系统发育分析鉴定病原菌种类。采用菌丝生长速率 法测定 40% 福美双水悬浮剂、98% 噁霉灵可溶性粉剂、24% 井冈霉素 A 水剂、10% 苯醚甲环唑水分散粒剂和 10% 多抗霉素可湿性粉剂对该病原菌的抑菌效果。【结果】 从韶关采集的花生果腐病样本中分离获得 2 株病原 真菌,回接后均可以引起花生果荚腐烂,严重时导致果仁腐烂。基于菌株 ITS 序列的系统发育分析显示病原菌 为尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxyspourm）和茄病镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）。供试杀菌剂中 40% 福美双悬浮剂对 2 种病原真菌的抑菌效果最好,EC50 分别为 0.001 mg/L 和 0.021 mg/L,其次是噁霉灵,EC50 分别为 0.296 mg/L 和 0.217 mg/L,井冈霉素 A 的 EC50 分别为 20.575 mg/L 和 11.185 mg/L,苯醚甲环唑和多抗霉素对 2 株病原真菌没有抑菌 效果。【结论】广东韶关地区花生果腐病主要由镰刀菌复合感染引起,以茄病镰刀菌为主,病原菌对福美双和 噁霉灵敏感,生产上可以考虑使用这两种杀菌剂防控。     

大豆抗食心虫性的遗传及抗虫育种方法研究——Ⅱ.开花期和成熟期与虫食率的关系

以一个营养生长期长的有限型大豆品系通交83—932与营养生长期短的无限型品系公交8324—19和亚有限型品种吉林27号杂交获得开花期和生育期广泛分离的F_2群体,在虫害大发生的条件下靠自然害虫群体在田间鉴定了亲本,F_1和F_2代的抗虫性,研究了开花期和成熟期对大豆抗虫性表现的影响。结果表明,三个组合F_2代单株的虫食率与开花期和成熟期均呈极显著负相关。开花期和虫食率间的关系较复杂,受多种因素的影响,可以用多项式曲线拟合。对一组正反交组合的研究表明,用营养生长期长的材料做母本时,F_2代低虫食率单株的频率显著高于其反交组合。在抗虫筛选中,按成熟期严格分组,在组内进行抗虫性选择有助于减少生育期的干拢,提高准确性。     

菜豆荚斑驳病毒免疫捕获一步RT-PCR检测

【研究目的】建立快速、准确、简便的检测大豆种子上菜豆荚斑驳病毒的免疫捕获一步RT-PCR方法(一步IC-RT-PCR)。【方法】采用抗原捕获和一步RT-PCR相结合的方法,并通过反应条件优化,确定一步IC-RT-PCR的反应程序,同时对该方法的特异性及实际检测效果进行验证。【结果】成功建立了一步IC-RT-PCR检测菜豆荚斑驳病毒方法,能够从感染菜豆荚斑驳病毒的大豆种子上扩增出预期大小的特异性片段,而对其他病毒及健康大豆无特异性反应;应用该方法对不同产地大豆种子样品进行检测,结果从来自美国的大豆样品中检出菜豆荚斑驳病毒,检出率为50%。【结论】一步IC-RT-PCR方法可以快速、准确地检测大豆种子上的菜豆荚斑驳病毒,适用于口岸检验检疫。     

Strong heritability across years and sites for pod wall proportion and specific weight in Lupinus albus and genotypic correlation with other pod and seed attributes

Thinner pod walls might contribute to increased yield potential and adaptation of lupins. Fourteen autumn‐sown genotypes of Lupinus albus L. were evaluated over 2 years at four sites in southern Chile. Pod wall proportion (PWP), pod wall specific weight (WSW) and five other pod‐related characters were measured to estimate their genetic variation, heritability across years and sites, and genotypic and phenotypic correlations among the characters. Ranges for PWP and pod WSW were 22.9−43.1% and 16.4−37.4 mg/cm², respectively. PWP in cultivated L. albus was similar to that reported in L. angustifolius; however, specific weight was substantially lower. Highly significant genotypic effects were found for both characters. Broad sense heritabilities were high for PWP (0.63) and moderate for pod WSW (0.46). These characters were significantly correlated, more so genotypically (r_g = 0.67) than phenotypically (r_ph = 0.36). Selection for low PWP should lead to lower pod wall thickness or density, both of which contribute to pod WSW. Nevertheless, selection for pod WSW could achieve further reductions, particularly if practised among low PWP materials.     

A procedure for combining a quantitative inheritance study with the first cycle of a breeding program

Summary The number of effective factors controlling the inheritance of a quantitative character can be estimated by analysis of F₃ lines where the parental lines are homozygous. The procedure is illustrated with data from a study of pod length inheritance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The mean pod length of Sprite, the parent with longer pods, was compared statistically with the means of F₃ progenies derived from F₂ plants obtained from the appropriate tail of the F₂ frequency distribution for pod length. The data indicate that analysis of F₃ progenies avoids much of the underestimation of the effective factor number which is characteristic of other procedures. The number of effective factors was estimated to be a minimum of 4 and the correlation between random F₂ parents and F₃ progeny means was r=0.82.Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 406.     

Pod shatter resistance evaluation in cultivars and breeding lines of Brassica napus, B. juncea and Sinapis alba

Pod shatter susceptibility was investigated in Brassica napus germplasm and shatter resistant species of B. juncea and Sinapis alba. The comparisons were made by measuring seed yield in field plots, detached pod rupture energy (RE) and the half‐life of pod‐opening. Pod shatter resistance was significantly greater in B. napus lines derived from interspecific hybridizations of B. napus with B. rapa, B. carinata and B. juncea, than common B. napus cultivars. While these lines exhibited no significant difference in resistance to pod shatter than B. juncea, an entry of S. alba had no yield loss caused by pod shatter. Resistance to pod shatter was characterized in the field as little or no yield loss after full maturity, delayed shattering in time, and stable yield performance under variable climatic conditions during pod maturity. Yield loss caused by pod shatter ranged from a low of 4% for the B. juncea cv. ‘AC Vulcan’ to a high of 61% for the black seeded B. napus line DH12075 in 2‐year field trials after 1 month maturity. Pod shatter resistance was not significantly associated with specific plant and pod morphological traits, except pod length (P = 0.005) in tested materials. Field visual scores of pod shatter through inspections of average pod shatter per plant within plots were highly correlated with plot yield loss. Indoor quantitative evaluations of pod strength using a pendulum machine to measure pod RE and random impact test to measure half‐life of pod‐opening resistance were highly correlated with field yield loss. Multiple evaluations of pod shatter in method and in time after pod maturity are recommended for reliable evaluation of pod shatter resistance.     

A shattering-resistant mutant of Papaver bracteatum Lindl.: characterisation and inheritance

Summary Papaver bracteatum is a potential crop for the codeine industry. Seed shattering prevailing in the species is a major problem which reduces the seed yields. A spontaneous mutant with capsules having no pores of dehiscence was isolated in an experimental field. The seed yields of this shattering-resistant mutant are lower than in plants with normal capsules but the thebaine content of the capsules from the mutant is higher. The mutation is monogenic dominant; it can be used for breeding cultivars for dual purpose-thebaine and seeds.