宠物鸟H3N8亚型流感病毒HA基因的特征性分析

来自香港和世界各地的10株宠物鸟H3N8流感病毒的HA基因进行了全基因序列测定,用DNASTAR和Tree-View软件进行序列编辑,序列翻译,进化树绘制和分子演化分析.结果表明来自不同国家和地区的H3N8流感病毒的HA基因都非常相似,都形成一个独立的分支,属于欧亚亚系,同源率为95.9%～100%;香港2001年宠物鸟的毒株之间的同源率最高,分别为99.2%～100%.HA基因与A/Equine/Jilin/89(H3N8)的同源性为最高,在92.9%～93.6%之间.氨基酸分析表明只有A/Parakeet/Netherland/33/01的HA基因在97～99受体结合位点处有一个额外潜在的糖基化位点NKT;因此可见宠物鸟H3N8流感病毒的HA基因高度保守,HA基因均来自共同的祖先.     

Serological survey for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in pet rabbits in Italy

Pet rabbits (n = 125) from Southern Italy were submitted to a serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a carbon immunoassay (CIA). Seventy-eight examined rabbits showed clinical signs suggestive of encephalitozoonosis (head tilt, ataxia, paralysis, cataracts, uveitis, polyuria and polydipsia), whereas 47 were healthy rabbits. Antibodies anti-E. cuniculi were found in 84/125 (67.2%) sera analysed. The results of the chi-squared test showed that sex and health status had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on E. cuniculi seropositivity; however, rabbits older than 4 months had a seropositivity for E. cuniculi significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of rabbits aged up to 4 months. The results of the present survey reinforce the assumption that rabbit may be indicated as the main reservoir of E. cuniculi; therefore, routine screening examinations in pet rabbits are strongly advised considering the zoonotic potential of this parasite.     

Mycobiota and aflatoxins in raw materials and pet food in Brazil

Commercial feedstuffs are a basic element in modern pet husbandry in the world. In dogs, the effect of mycotoxins is severe and can lead to death. Few reports on the influence of dietary mycotoxins were found in the scientific literature. The aims of this work were to isolate and identify the mycoflora and to determine the aflatoxins (AFs) natural occurrence in raw materials and ready dry pet food. Therefore, the aflatoxigenic capacity of Aspergillus flavus species was investigated. Aspergillus was the prevalent genera (65-89%) followed by Penicillium and Fusarium spp. Aspergillus flavus was the most prevalent species, followed by Aspergillus sydowii, Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus versicolor. Aspergillus flavus frequencies ranged from 58% to 86% except in sorghum meal. All samples assayed (except corn grains and ready pet food) showed Fusarium spp. contamination. Corn meal and corn meal and gluten samples had 100% Fusarium verticillioides. Fusarium graminearum was isolated from sorghum meal. Aspergillus flavus strains (75%) isolated from raw materials and 57% from pet food were able to produce AFs. All samples showed AFs contamination percentages over 70%; corn and sorghum meal obtained the highest AFs levels. Ready pet food did not show quantitative levels of the tested toxins. This is the first report of the aflatoxigenic capacity by A. flavus from Brazilian pet food.     

国内宠物医疗行业人才发展现状探析

近年来,我国宠物医疗行业发展势头迅猛,行业规模不断扩大,对宠物医疗人才的需求旺盛,竞争日益激烈,行业人才的发展也随之出现诸多问题。通过对国内宠物市场调研,分析了现阶段国内宠物医疗行业人才发展现状,对制约宠物医疗行业人才发展的因素进行了梳理和分析,并有针对性地提出了应对宠物医疗行业人才发展的策略。     

Antibiotic resistance and repetitive‐element PCR fingerprinting in Aeromonas veronii isolates

This study evaluated antibiotic resistance and the related genes in total 47 Aeromonas veronii isolates from pet fish, eel (Anguilla japonica) and koi (Cyprinus carpio) in Korea. In comparison with the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolates from eel and koi, those of pet fish were more resistant to ceftiofur, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and nitrofurantoin. And isolates from pet fish showed high prevalences of class 1 integron, quinolones and tetracycline resistance determinants than those from eel and koi. Repetitive‐element palindromic PCR (rep‐PCR) showed larger diversities among A. veronii isolates. Collectively, pet fish may be a reservoir for multiple clones of A. veronii involved in antibiotic resistance. In this aspect, imported fish in the aquaculture trade should be steadily and continually screened for bacterial antibiotic resistance and related genes.     

北京地区宠物犬源blaCTX-M基因阳性肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药表型和分子特征研究

为研究宠物犬源bla_CTX-M基因阳性肺炎克雷伯菌的携带情况，同时了解宠物犬携带bla_CTX-M基因肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药表型和分子特征，本研究从355只宠物犬的鼻拭子和肛拭子中分离头孢噻肟耐药细菌，通过16S rDNA和基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱鉴定细菌种属。对鉴定为肺炎克雷伯菌的菌株，运用PCR检测bla_CTX-M基因，药物敏感性试验测定bla_CTX-M基因阳性肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药表型，PFGE分型和全基因组测序技术分析bla_CTX-M基因阳性肺炎克雷伯菌的分子特征。PCR结果显示，共分离到7株bla_CTX-M基因阳性肺炎克雷伯菌，3株来自宠物肛拭子，4株来自宠物鼻拭子；药敏试验结果显示，7株菌均对头孢噻呋、头孢噻肟和阿莫西林-克拉维酸耐药，但对多黏菌素E、美罗培南和替加环素敏感。PFGE结果显示，其中3株细菌相似度为100%，而另外4株细菌相似度差异较大（<30%）。全基因组结果显示，7株菌共有5个ST分型，bla_CTX-M基因分离的亚型为CTX-M-14型（n=5）和CTX-M-3型（n=2），同时这些菌株中还携带了其他β-内酰胺类、氨基糖苷类和氟喹诺酮类耐药基因。从本研究结果可以看出，目前宠物犬源bla_CTX-M基因阳性肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率较低，但其多重耐药性较严重，本研究分离的耐药基因bla_CTX-M、bla_SHV亚型与国内外流行有差异。目前宠物在抗生素的使用和监控上仍有不足，需进一步关注宠物细菌耐药性，为后续防控提供依据。     

Study of Vancomycin Resistance in Faecal Enterococci from Healthy Humans and Dogs in Spain a Decade after the Avoparcin Ban in Europe

One hundred and 26 faecal samples from healthy dogs (2009) and 157 faecal samples from healthy humans (2007) from La Rioja region (Spain) were tested to know the carriage of vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE). VRE with intrinsic resistance (vanC) were found in 12% of healthy dogs and humans (29 Enterococcus gallinarum and four Enterococcus casseliflavus). Nevertheless, VRE with acquired mechanism of resistance were not detected among these samples. Four Enterococcus faecalis isolates with vancomycin MIC of 8‐16 mg L^?1 were recovered in human samples, but no single organism with known mechanism of acquired resistance could be identified. These 37 VRE isolates (33 E. gallinarum/E. casseliflavus and four E. faecalis) of dog and human origin were further characterized (PCR detection of antibiotic resistance, virulence and bacteriocin genes). High prevalence of tetracycline resistance was identified (70%), especially among dog isolates harbouring tet(M) ± tet(L) genes; erythromycin resistance was also higher among isolates from dogs and they harboured the erm(B) gene, associated with erm(A) gene in one case. Virulence genes were only identified among E. faecalis isolates of human origin (agg, cpd and/or gelE) and never among E. gallinarum/E. casseliflavus of human or dog origin. Five E. gallinarum isolates of dog and three E. faecalis of human origin expressed bacteriocin activity; among them, only one E. faecalis presented activity against Listeria monocytogenes. The bacteriocin structural gene ef1097 was identified in 3 bacteriocin‐producing E. faecalis isolates, associated with ent1071 in one of them.     

Safe Sedation and Immobilization of Unusual Exotic Species Encountered in Practice

Safe handling techniques for traditional exotic companion mammals (e.g., ferrets, rabbits, and rodents) have been well described. However, some uncommon species, including various wild animals maintained as pets, should not be manually restrained because of the nature of the animal and the potential for injury to both the pet and the handler. Sedation and immobilization techniques are useful to enhance safety and to facilitate diagnostic and treatment procedures. Sedatives are best administered to these animals with the aid of a squeeze cage.     

基于文献计量的我国宠物相关领域研究发展态势分析

为深入了解我国宠物研究的发展现状,本研究以2011—2020年知网收录的367篇核心及以上期刊、外文库期刊论文为数据来源,采用文献计量学方法,结合Excel、VOSviewer等软件对我国宠物相关领域论文发表研究数量、研究机构、研究期刊、研究主题以及关键词进行了统计分析。结果表明:该领域发文量呈上升趋势,高质量文献呈周期性波动;以华南农业大学、江苏农牧科技职业学院、中国农业科学院为主的中国研究机构在该领域发文量最大;该领域的研究方向主要包括:以宠物犬、猫为主的疾病调查、诊断、治疗研究,对人兽共患病的调查及预防研究,对宠物营养需求的特性分析,对宠物行业如宠物食品、宠物医疗、宠物美容及相关专业的人才培养研究等;从研究热点上看,宠物相关领域的研究对象逐渐从犬转变为猫,宠物医疗的研究热点从宠物常见传染性疾病的研究,发展成更为细分的典型病症的临床症状与治疗方案研究,对宠物耐药基因的研究和现代学徒制的研究成为该领域新的热点。综上所述,我国宠物相关领域研究应提高研究质量,丰富经济学与社会学方面的研究和行业新兴领域的研究,探索专业建设和人才培养新模式,从而提高企业竞争力并优化人才输送机制,助力宠物行业健康、稳定发展。