功能纳米材料在重金属污染水体修复中的应用研究进展

重金属污染对水体生态和人体健康会造成严重危害,通过纳米材料来去除重金属是一个简单便捷的方法,受到了广泛的关注以及研究。本文主要综述了纳米零价铁、铁氧化物、硫化铁、碳纳米管、石墨烯、锰氧化物、铝氧化物、二氧化钛、聚合物纳米材料和壳聚糖纳米材料等几种纳米材料对水中重金属污染修复研究进展。对它们去除重金属的机理也进行了探讨,纳米材料对重金属的去除机理主要包括物理吸附、化学吸附、氧化还原、光催化还原以及共沉淀等。并通过表格的形式对它们的优缺点、机理以及改进方法进行了总结归纳。同时,本文对影响重金属去除的几个因素(溶液pH值、重金属浓度、吸附时间、温度、纳米材料性能、离子强度以及共离子影响)进行了归纳总结。最后,对未来纳米材料在修复重金属方面的研究进行了展望。     

功能纳米材料的"瘦肉精"传感检测技术研究进展

"瘦肉精"系一类具有相似结构的β-肾上腺素受体激动剂化合物,曾被滥用作为动物生长促进剂,以提高胴体瘦肉率。中国虽自2010年起禁止其应用于动物养殖环节,但当前,"瘦肉精"类物质非法添加现象仍时有发生,且其替代品多、隐蔽性不断增强对畜产品安全和人类健康仍构成极大威胁。功能纳米材料所具有的特殊结构及性质,极大地提升了现有传感检测技术的性能,使得现有传感检测技术不断朝着灵敏、高效、简便、低成本及抗干扰能力不断增强等方向发展。该文分别从金纳米材料、碳质纳米材料、量子点以及其他新型纳米材料角度出发,总结了以上纳米材料与传感检测技术相结合在"瘦肉精"检测方面的研究进展,分析了各种检测方法的优缺点,并提出了未来功能纳米材料与传感检测技术相结合需要提升的地方,为下一步开发更灵敏准确、简便易行、高通量及低成本的检测方法提供参考。     

纳米材料在免疫传感器中的应用

纳米技术是21世纪的一次技术革命,纳米材料作为纳米技术的重要组成部分,已渗入到多学科当中,并在医学领域中得到广泛的应用。由于纳米材料所特有的特性即小尺寸效应、表面效应、量子尺寸效应和宏观量子隧道效应,使纳米材料在电化学、压电和光学免疫传感器中广泛应用,提高了传感器的选择性、准确性、重复性、灵敏度和响应速度,同时使其向着微型化、集成化方向发展。     

磁性纳米材料在兽药残留检测应用中的研究进展

磁性纳米材料是一种具有稳定磁学性能、极小生物背景干扰以及丰富化学性能的新型功能复合型材料,与免疫技术、分子印迹技术及传感器技术等结合,开始应用于兽药残留检测中的样品前处理与检测过程,以此提高检测的灵敏度。本文主要对其中的磁固相萃取、磁性分子印迹技术、磁免疫层析技术以及磁生物传感器技术进行介绍,综述了其在兽药残留分析中的研究进展。     

Cu元素纳米材料的研究进展

介绍了Ｃｕ元素纳米材料的结构特征和独特性能,及其制备、表征方法和应用等方面的研究进展。     

Promoting effect of Nano-Se on tobacco growth and reactive oxygen species metabolism

Abstract

Se is beneficial to plants’ growth and it is an essential mineral for animals and humans. However, relatively little is known about the relationship between nano-Se concentrations and plant antioxidant activity. In this work, a pot experiment was carried out using two cultivars of tobacco and increasing nano-Se concentrations. The changes of plant biomass, root growth, chlorophyll content, nutrient accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in tobacco leaves after being sprayed with nano-Se were studied. The results indicated that the growth of tobacco can be promoted by applying nano-Se in an appropriate concentration. In addition, our research proves that there is cultivars variation in the response of tobacco to increased concentrations of nano-Se. The biomass, root growth characteristics, chlorophyll content and N accumulation of E'yan 1 were increased significantly and were the highest at 5.0?mg L^?1 of nano-Se. On the other hand, the above mentioned indicators for K326 reached the maximum value at 2.5?mg L^?1 and decreased at 5.0?mg L^?1 of nano-Se. The antioxidant enzymes activity were increased by the application of nano-Se, however cultivars variation was detected. The application of nano-Se reduced the amount of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ROS at 5.0?mg L^?1 for both cultivars. This study confirms that nano-Se affects positively the growth and oxidative status of tobacco plants. However, this study points out that more research is needed to understand the interaction phenomena observed here between tobacco cultivars and concentrations specifically for the anti-oxidant status of the plant.     

纳米传感器在农药残留检测中的应用研究进展

农药残留是影响食品安全的主要风险因素之一。传统的农药残留检测方法由于需要昂贵、大型的检测仪器往往不能满足现场、实时检测的需要。近年来,随着纳米材料制备及功能化技术日趋完善,其在农药残留快速检测领域的研究日益活跃。纳米材料与荧光法、比色法、表面增强拉曼散射法及电化学法结合,可构建各类纳米传感器,在检测特异性和灵敏度上有较大提升,实现了快速检测技术的突破。本文综述了上述4类主要的纳米传感器在农药残留快速检测中的应用,并对其应用前景进行展望。未来构建选择性高、分析范围广、抗干扰、简单便携的纳米传感器仍将是农药残留检测领域主要的研究方向。     

Impact of carbon nanomaterials on microbial activity in soil

In this study, effects of an increase in concentration of fullerene-C_60, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) or fullerene soot (FS) on overall microbial activity was investigated over a 21 d incubation period. Microbial utilisation of ¹⁴C-glucose and uptake of ¹⁴C-glucose into the microbial biomass was investigated. For CNM-amended soils, greater extents of ¹⁴C-glucose mineralisation were found in the C₆₀-amended soils compared to MWCNT-, SWCNT- or FS-amended soils. In addition, the 100 and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ were consistently found to have higher extents of mineralisation in C₆₀, MWCNT, SWCNT or FS-amended soils, respectively. Further, the incorporation of ¹⁴C-glucose into the microbial biomass declined slightly with an increase in concentration in the amended soils, but no consistent pattern was observed. As a result, the biophysical quotient (BQ) increased significantly (P < 0.05), as concentrations increased from 1 mg kg⁻¹ to 1000 mg kg⁻¹ in all C₆₀-, MWCNT-, SWCNT- and FS-amended soils. The results obtained from this study showed that the addition to carbon nanomaterials had no profound impacts on the overall microbial activity, and the overall influence of CNMs on soil microbial activity does not reveal a specific pattern in the short term.     

纳米复合相变蓄冷材料的制备及蓄冷特性分析

针对生鲜冷链物流领域冷藏运输温度要求,通过差示扫描量热仪（DifferentialScanning Calorimeter,DSC）对甘氨酸、山梨醇、甘露醇、氯化钾进行筛选,经优化后配置出主储能为0.6mol/L甘氨酸+0.1mol/L山梨醇（命名为TA2）,以此体系为基液添加纳米二氧化钛和纳米氧化铝,并添加高吸水性树脂（Super Absorbent Polymer,SAP）对防泄漏现象进行优化,探究添加纳米粒子后复合相变蓄冷材料的相变潜热和热循环稳定性。将该复合材料应用于自制保温箱,以水晶梨为试验对象进行了蓄冷箱保冷特性试验,对比蓄冷保温箱载货与空载情况下箱内各点的温度变化,综合考虑蓄冷保温箱内蓄冷剂侧面布置和顶层布置加侧面布置这两种摆放方式对保冷性能的影响。结果显示,添加质量分数为0.5%的纳米二氧化钛粒子可使基液的导热系数达到最大值,经优化的最终材料为TA2+0.5%TiO2 + 0.25%SAP,相变潜热为294.57 J/g,Onset温度为-5.8 ℃,经过200次循环试验,复合材料热性能稳定。蓄冷剂以侧布加顶布的摆放方式下的大部分箱内空间平均温度为1.9 ℃,可在0～5 ℃保持480 min,温度场更均匀,利于保持生鲜产品新鲜度。研究结果为相变材料在生鲜冷链物流中的研制及应用提供参考。     

Kinetics Stability of Nanoparticles Colloids

The dimension of nano-particles is close to the dimension of colloid particles. The dispersion system of nano-particles is colloid. The sedimentation rate of nano-particles dispersed in water is calculated, and it is shown that the sedimentation rate is very slow and the nano colloids have high stability on dynamics. Those conclusions are approved by tests. The influence of electric characters of the colloid and macromolecule was introduced. The results of the study maybe out of the image of most people and are useful to change their attitude of the kinetics stability of real nano particles colloid.